Acceptance

An acceptance is â€Å"a manifestation of assent to the terms [of the offer] made by the offeree in the manner invited or required by the offer. † In determining if an offeree accepted an offer and created a contract, a court will look for evidence of three factors: (1) the offeree intended to enter the contract, (2) the offeree accepted on the terms proposed by the offeror, and (3) the offeree communicated his acceptance to the offeror. Common Law: Traditional â€Å"Mirror Image† Rule The traditional contract law rule is that an acceptance must be the mirror image of the offer. Attempts by offerees to change the terms of the offer or to add new terms to it are treated as counteroffers because they impliedly indicated an intent by the offeree to reject the offer instead of being bound by its terms. However, recent years have witnessed a judicial tendency to apply the mirror image rule in more liberal fashion by holding that only material (important) variances between an offer and a purported acceptance result in an implied rejection of the offer. Even under the mirror image rule, no rejection is implied if an offereee merely asks about the terms of the offer without indicating its rejection (an inquiry regarding terms), or accepts the offer’s terms while complaining about them (a grumbling acceptance). Distinguishing among a counteroffer, an inquiry regarding terms, and a grumbling acceptance is often a difficult task. The fundamental issue, however, remains the same: Did the offeree objectively indicate a resent intent to be bound by the terms of the offer? Communication of Acceptance To accept an offer for a bilateral contract, the offeree must make the promise requested by the offer. An offeror must communicate the terms of his proposal to the offeree before an offer results. This is so because communication is a necessary component of the present intent to contract required for the creation of an offer. For similar reasons, it is generally held that an offeree must communicate his intent to be bound by the offer before a contract can be created. To accept an offer for a unilateral ontract, however, the offeree must perform the requested act. The traditional contract law rule on this point assumes that the offeror will learn of the offeree’s performance and holds that no further notice from the offeree is necessary to create a contact unless the offeror specifically requests notice. Mailbox rule Under the so-called â€Å"mailbox rule,† properly addressed and dispatched acceptances can become effective when they are dispa tched, even if they are lost and never received by the offeror. The mailbox rule protects the offeree’s reasonable belief that a binding contract was created when the acceptance was dispatched. By the same token, it exposes the offeror to the risk of being bound by an acceptance that she has never received. The offeror, however, has the ability to minimize this risk by stipulating in her offer that she must actually receive the acceptance for it to be effective. Offerors who do this maximize the time they have to revoke their offers and ensure that they will never be bound by an acceptance that they have not received. As traditionally applied by the common law of contracts, the mailbox rule would make acceptances effective upon dispatch when the offeree used a manner of communication that was expressly or impliedly authorized (invite) by the offeror. Any manner of communication suggested by the offeror (e. g. , â€Å"You may respond by mail†) would be expressly authorized, resulting in an acceptance sent by the suggested means being effective on dispatch. Unless circumstances indicated to the contrary, a manner of communication used by the offeror in making the offer would be impliedly authorize (e. . , an offer sent by mail would impliedly authorize an acceptance by), as would a manner of communication common in parties’ trade or business (e. g. , a trade usage in the parties’ business that offers are made by mail and accepted by telegram would authorize an acceptance by telegraph). Conversely, an improper dispatched acceptance or one that was nonauthorized would be effective when received, assuming that the offer was still open at that time. This placed on the offeree the risk of the offer being revoked or the acceptance being lost. The mailbox rule is often applied more liberally by courts today. A modern version applied of the mailbox rule that is sanctioned by the Restatement (Second) holds that an offer that does not indicate otherwise is considered to invite acceptance by any reasonable means of communication, and a properly dispatched acceptance sent by a reasonable means of communication within a reasonable time is effective on dispatch. The Cantu case illustrates the more liberal version of the mailbox rule. Special Acceptance Problem Areas Acceptance in Unilateral Contracts A unilateral contract involves the exchange of a promise for an act. To accept an offer to enter such a contract, the offeree must perform the requested act. As you learned in the last chapter, however, courts applying modern contract rules may prevent an offeror from revoking such an offer once the offeree has begun performance. This is achieved by holding either that a bilateral contract is created by the beginning of performance or that the offeror’s power to revoke is suspended for the period of time reasonably necessary for the offeree to complete performance. Acceptance in Bilateral Contracts A bilateral contract involves the exchange of a promise for a promise. As a general rule, to accept an offer to enter such a contract, an offeree must make the promise requested by the offer. This may be done in a variety of ways. For example, Wallace sends Stevens a detailed offer for the purchase of Steven’s business. Within the time period prescribed by the offer, Steven sends Wallace a letter that says, â€Å"I accept your offer. † Stevens has expressly accepted Wallace’s offer, creating a contract on the terms of the offer. Acceptance, however, can be implied as well as expressed. Offerees who take action that objectively indicates agreement risk the formation of a contract. For example, offerees who act in a manner that is inconsistent with an offeror’s ownership of offered property are commonly held to have accepted the offeror’s terms. So, if Arnold, a farmer, leaves 10 bushels of corn with Porter, the owner of a grocery store, saying, â€Å"Look this corn over. If you want it, it’s $5 a bushel,† and Porter sells the corn, he has mpliedly accepted Arnold’s offer. But what if Porter just let the corn sit and, when Arnold returned a week later, Porter told Arnold that he did not want it? Could Porter’s failure to act ever amount to an acceptance? Silence as Acceptance Since contract law generally requires some objective indication that an offeree intends to contract, the general rule is that an offeree’s silence, without more, is not an acceptance. In ad dition, it is generally held that an offeror cannot impose on the offeree a duty to respond to the offer. So, even if Arnold made an offer to sell corn to Porter and said, â€Å"If I don’t hear from you in three days, I’ll assume you’re buying the corn,† Porter’s silence would still not amount to acceptance. On the other hand, the circumstance of a case sometimes impose a duty on the offeree to reject the offer affirmatively or be bound by its items. These are cases in which the offeree’s silence objectively indicates an intent to accept. Customary trade practice or prior dealings between the parties may indicate that silence signals acceptance. So, if Arnold and Porter had dealt with each other on numerous occasion and Porter has always promptly returned items that her did not want, Porter’s silent retention of the goods for a week would probably constitute an acceptance. Likewise, an offeree’s silence can also operate as an acceptance if the offeree has indicated that it will. For example, Porter (the offeree) tells Arnold, â€Å"If you don’t hear from me in three days, I accept. † Finally, it is generally held that offerees who accept an offeror’s performance knowing what the offeror expects in return for his performance have impliedly accepted the offeror’s terms. So, if Apex Paving Corporation offers to do the paving work on new subdivision being developed by Majestic Homes Corporation, and Majestic fails to respond to Apex’s offer but allows Apex to do the work, most courts would hold that Majestic is bound by the terms of Apex’s offer. Acceptance When a Writing Is Anticipated Frequently, the parties to a contract intend to prepare a written draft of their agreement for both parties to sign. This is a good idea not only because the law requires written evidence of some contracts, but also ecause it provides written evidence of the terms of the agreement if a dispute arises at a later date. If a dispute arises before such a writing has been prepared or signed, however, a question may arise concerning whether the signing of the agreement was a necessary condition to the creation of a contract. A party to the agreement who now wants out of the deal may argue that the parties did not intend to be bound until both parties signed in writing. A clear expression of such intent by the parties during the negotiation process prevents the formation of a contract until both parties have signed. However, in the absence of such a clear expression of intent, the courts ask whether a reasonable person familiar with all the circumstances of the parties’ negotiations would conclude that the parties intended to be bound only when a formal agreement was signed. If it appears that the parties had concluded their negotiations and reached agreement on all the essential aspects of the transaction, most courts would probably find a contract at the time agreement was reached, even though no formal agreement had been signed. Acceptance of Ambiguous Offers. Although offerors have the power to specify the manner in which their offers can be accepted by requiring that the offeree make a return promise (a bilateral contract) or perform a specific act (a unilateral contract), often an offer is unclear about which form of acceptance is necessary to create a contract. In such a case, the offer may be accepted in any manner that is reasonable in light of the circumstances surrounding the offer. Thus, either a promise to perform or performance, if reasonable , creates a contract. Acceptance by Shipment. The Code specifically elaborates on the rule stated in the preceding section by stating that an order requesting prompt or current shipment of goods may be accepted either by a prompt promise to ship or by a prompt or current shipment of the goods [2-206(1)(b)]. So, if Apex Corporation orders 500 IBM personal computers from Marks Office Supply, to be shipped immediately, Marks could accept either promptly promising to ship the goods or by promptly shipping them. If Marks accepts by shipping, any subsequent attempt by Ampex to revoke the order will be ineffective. What if Marks did ot have 500 IBMs in stock and Marks knew that Ampex desperately needed the goods? Marks might be tempted to ship another brand of computers (that is, nonconforming goods – goods different from what the buyer ordered), hoping that Ampex would be forced by its circumstances to accept them because by the time they arrived it would be too late to get the correct goods elsewhere. M arks would argue that by shipping the wrong goods it had made a counteroffer because it had not performed the act requested by Ampex’s order. If Ampex accepts the goods, Marks could argue that Ampex has impliedly accepted the counteroffer. If Ampex rejects the goods, Marks would arguably have no liability since it did not accept the order. The Code prevents such a result by providing that prompt shipment of either conforming goods (what the order asked for) or nonconforming goods (something else) operates as an acceptance of the order [2-206(1)(b)]. This protects buyers such as Ampex because, sellers who ship the wrong goods have simultaneously accepted their offers and breached the contract by sending the wrong merchandise. But what if Marks is an honest seller merely trying to help out a customer that has placed a rush order? Must Marks expose itself to liability for breach of contract in the process? The Code prevents such a result by providing that no contract is created if the seller notifies the buyer within a reasonable time that the shipment of nonconforming goods is intended as an accommodation (an attempt to help the buyer) [2-206(1)(b)]. In this case, the shipment is merely a counteroffer that the buyer is free to accept or reject and the seller’s notification gives the buyer the opportunity t seek the goods he needs elsewhere. Who Can Accept an Offer? As the masters of their offers, offerees have the right to determine who can bind them in a contract. So, the only person with the legal power to accept an offer and create a contract is the original offeree. An attempt to accept by anyone other than the offeree is treated as an offer, because the party attempting to accept is indicating a present intent to contract on the original offer’s terms. For example, Price offers to sell his car to Waterhouse for $5,000. Anderson learns of the offer, calls Price, and attempts to accept. Anderson has made an offer that Price is free to accept or reject

Cognitive behavioral Essay

Although panic disorder may occur without agoraphobia, the latter is generally linked to the former due to the extreme fear of the patients for embarrassment as he or she experiences panic attack in public places. In this case, panic disorder patients avoid populated social settings like grocery, church, and theaters. They prefer safe places like home and to be with safe people like parents in order to avoid embarrassment during a panic attack. This avoidance is further aggravated by the anticipatory anxiety as the patient imagines what possibly might happen when he or she experiences panic attack in public places. The tendency for the disparity in the diagnosis of panic disorder is blamed with its comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders. This is highly observed among individuals with substance-abuse history, especially those who have taken benzodiapine in self-medication as well as those who consume alcoholic drinks heavily. As well, around 75% of patients had major depression while experiencing panic disorder (Hirschfeld, 1996). On the other hand, the non-specificity of the patient’s conditions, laboratory tests and physical examination are employed to rule out the complication symptoms brought by other medical disorders like hypoglycemia, pheochromocytoma, and thyrotoxicosis. In connection to this, the echocardiogram and electrocardiogram, ECG, are used to detect cardiovascular disorders like mitral valve prolapse and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia which symptoms are similar to panic disorders. As revealed by medical studies, 43% of patients with reported chest pain but have normal coronary angiogram were typically associated with panic disorder. This was also true for referred patients for cardiac examination. Nonetheless, panic disorder was the primary diagnosis among patients referred for medical tests specific for irritable bowel syndrome and pulmonary function. Panic Disorder Treatment Although a number of therapeutic interventions have been employed in the treatment of panic disorder, only the traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy was empirically proven to cause reduction in the frequency and intensity of panic attacks (Arntz, 2002). Based on the cognitive-behavioral model, any psychiatric disorder is a product of behavioral, psychological, and biological factors (Sudak, Beck, and Wright, 2003). In addition, genetic predisposition and psycho-sociological factors trigger the development of mental health problem in an individual. The effect of such largely depends on the capacity of the individual to endure the changes brought by these factors and the availability of environmental scaffold. Specifically, in the cognitive-behavioral approach of treatment, patients are informed about and trained to control their thoughts that trigger anxiety. These thoughts are misinterpretation of internal or external events which result to the perception of threat. In such manner, their thoughts generate tremulous bodily responses such as fast beating of the heart and shortness of breath. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy The cognitive-behavioral therapy has five domains in the treatment of anxiety disorders among children and adolescents. Information about the disorder and its stressors are provided by means of psycho-education component while the correct autonomic arousal and other physiological responses are done through somatic management (Sudak, Beck, and Wright, 2003). In addition, the development of cognitive restructuring are designed for the identification of the source of negative thoughts then substitution with positive thoughts to reinforce coping mechanisms (Sudak, Beck, and Wright, 2003). Moreover, the exposure domain, conditions the individual to appropriately face the cause of negative thoughts while the relapse prevention is designed to consolidate and generalize treatment gains (Sudak, Beck, and Wright, 2003).

Pricing and Brand Equity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pricing and Brand Equity - Assignment Example Creative brands are given the permission to utilize non-normative strategies without consumer permission. Moreover, apart from the inferential mechanism underpinning this licensing impact, innovative brands not only escape the penalty associated with using a categorical strategies, but also gain for using such strategies (Barone and Jewell 2013). One popular measure of success for brands of business entities is the customer-based brand equity. It is an asset that can be a background for a competitive edge and the long-term profitability of a business enterprise (Barone and Jewell 2013). Brand equity regards stakeholders’ response to the marketing efforts concerning objects distinct to the particular brand. It focuses on financial and strategic issues to raise the brand over other available alternatives. There is a broad range of strategies in which a firm can get innovation licensing and intellectual property copyrights. When a company innovates, it establishes a form of monopoly coming from the intellectual property rights it gets. A firm can also get property rights by licensing intellectual property from another company in order to expand business margins. Another strategy is entering into a joint venture of innovations and licensing such innovation as a common intellectual property copyrights to the company (Palfrey, J. 2011). Clients can contribute such intellectual property licensing for free. A corporation can exercise its licensed innovation and property rights entirely by excluding others from using it. However, a company can better benefit from such intellectual property rights over their innovations by licensing, selling or giving away part of the property rights. It constitutes a firms innovative licensing marketing strategy(Barone and Jewell 2013). A company might also offer the license to any other company in an open access, with an aim of gaining a

Emotional Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Emotional Intelligence - Essay Example Emotional intelligence basically means to control our emotions and expressions and thus maintain the interpersonal relationships. This art of emotional intelligence is very important in a person’s life. If anyone can control his or her facial expressions then he can be successful in his life just because of this emotional intelligence. The importance of emotions and feelings is vital but same is the case with the emotions and feelings of others. At certain times we have to take care of their emotions also just to save our relationships. In this situation emotional intelligence plays important role. With the help of this art we can control what we are felling at that particular time. When we talk about team work, leadership and management, then the importance of emotional intelligence is vital. Because all of these are totally dependent on relationships or we can say interpersonal relationships. These relationships can be managed only by controlling the emotions so that people may not feel any disrespect or harm form the management. The sentimental capacity of human mind can also be referred as the emotional intelligence. Some authors are of the opinion that emotional intelligence of any human being can be developed as the time and age passes and thus we can say a mature person would be more mentally stable as compare to an individual who is younger than him. But this theory does not fit in most of the cases. We may find many young individuals who are more stable emotionally as compare to their elders. Therefore the other group of authors which are against the development of emotional stability give their view point as that emotional intelligence is only inborn and it cannot be developed with the passing time. The presence of emotional intelligence is important in order to survive in the community or we can say that it helps us to manage our social lives also. Suppose we are unable to

Political and Economic Integration Processes in The Gulf Cooperation Essay

Political and Economic Integration Processes in The Gulf Cooperation Council - Essay Example The GCC Organizational structure looks like the EU structure with a Supreme Council made up of members from all countries in the GCC. From first appearances one might see a top down structure in the design. However, the top is shared by heads of the member states (based on the monarchic or emirate government). This makes the top divisional in its structure. The actual executive of the council is not by rank and size but rather rotated in alphabetical order of the member's names. Yet, despite the inherited leadership, it is somewhat democratic in its implementation: meetings of the supreme council are only valid if attended by at least two-thirds of the members. Under the Supreme Council there are several organizations designed as functional structure but arranged as matrix rather than a top down structure. Firstly, there is a Consultative Commission, formed of equal amounts of members from each state - its purpose is to study matters assigned by the Supreme Council. Along with that - there is the Commission for the Settlement of Disputes. Again, under the Supreme Council but is designed to allow for contingency factors and only used as needed. A Ministerial Council formed from the Ministers of Foreign Affairs - the head over this segment is the current head of the supreme council. This organization is in charge of policies, recommendations, and oversees other existing actions in all fields of specialty. Any ministerial subcommittee must first resolve and then refer the rulings to the Ministerial Council, who in turn, along with their recommendations on the rulings give to the Supreme Council for final approval. These rulings and recommendations must also be voted by two-thirds of the members to be counted as official. The Ministerial Council meets... This essay aims to identify long-term perspectives of the Gulf Cooperation Council as an integral regional union and also define development trends of its members countries. The GCC Organizational structure looks like the EU structure with a Supreme Council made up of members from all countries in the GCC. Globalization can be defined as a global networking that has welded together previously disparate and isolated communities on this planet into mutual dependence and unity of ‘one world. The opposite would be a more skeptic and Marxist indicated definition, like perspective that globalization is what the Third World have for centuries called colonization. One might even interpret globalism as a less offensive term for imperialism, not well received by developing countries with aspirations of their own international successes. Globalization is typically defined as a shift from localized human societies (including financial, political and religious systems) to linking distant communities of people and levels of industry, expanding them across regions and continents. Globalization can reduce the deficiencies of third world countries with technological advances and with equal allocation of resources. The completion of the Free Trade Agreement, started so long ago, would be a stronger indication of liberalization in the GCC. The willingness to team up with the European Union, a non-US entity, might just be a considered strategy to strengthen their unwillingness to embrace globalization.

When May Police Search without a Warrant Research Paper

When May Police Search without a Warrant - Research Paper Example Besides, every time the cops suspect someone on Law and Order and every other television program, they have to stand outside the bad guy’s house or car, waiting and hoping he doesn’t run, until they can get some judge signs a search warrant. Either that or all the evidence seized is thrown out and cannot be used in court when they take the person to trial. Well, this is true to some extent and it all boils down to whether the judge thinks the police have probable cause. Those two little words, as written above have been the cornerstone of the American legal system for over two centuries and comes from a time when police and soldiers could and did enter private property without cause and certainly without a piece of paper saying they could. The Founding Fathers were fed up with these instances and were determined that American police would not be allowed to search and seize people’s possessions. ... But that ruling did not filter down to the states. In 1957 a lady named Dollree Mapp of Cleveland was suspected of harboring a fugitive. When the police entered her residence, waving a paper they claimed to be a warrant, they did not find their suspect. Instead police found a stash of obscene material and Ms Mapp was convicted of possession of pornography. Her attorneys eventually appealed her conviction all the way to the United States Supreme Court. In June 1961 the Court issued its ruling in Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643. That ruling not only sided with Ms Mapp in that evidence was illegally seized and overturned her individual case but some justices chided the Ohio courts and the police officers for their â€Å"Running roughshod over appellant†. (Cornell) But the biggest ramification of Mapp v. Ohio was that all of the states were likewise now required to apply the exclusionary rule. Thus, a benchmark was born, and ever since all courts throughout the country have been wary o f allowing evidence obtained without a legally obtained search warrant. Indeed they have exercised such caution that police and prosecutors alike have felt frustration for almost half a century, knowing that some evidence, although somewhat shadily obtained, might withstand the appellate court system. Six years later in Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967) the Supreme Court broadened the scope of the Fourth Amendment. In that, Charles Katz was convicted of bookie operations based mainly on wiretaps the FBI had placed on a public phone booth Katz was known to frequent. The US Attorney argued since it was a public booth Katz did not have any reasonable expectation of privacy and this thought was upheld by the lower courts. Yet the Court sided with the

Unit 1 - Program Capstone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 1 - Program Capstone - Research Paper Example This explains why most employees appreciated the managers monitoring the activities of the employees and the overall company performance. In regards to the leading function, Google employs a democratic type of leadership that allows for participation of all members of the team; thus, proper participation in the course of accomplishment of tasks (Google Inc., 2015). Planning, as Daft & Marci (2012) and Daft & Marci (2012) indicate, is a core function for management. Planning is strong points of the managers of Google Inc. as the managers have been on the frontline to come up with processes that ensure they access the appropriate resourcing. The managers are also innovative and mostly focus on implementing their ideas effectively. Lastly, organization is also evident in Google. The company uses a product organizational structure where employees work based on their division and product such as employees on the YouTube and Chrome section (Google Inc., 2015). However, improvement may be needed, in terms of seeking ideas that will provide for diversification; thus, reach newer customers. Additionally, Google my benefit from creating more innovation ideas that would allow for growth of its company (Google Inc.,

Event Management ( portfolio work) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Event Management ( portfolio work) - Essay Example or the seminar Innovation without Boundaries for Summit Solvay a training firm.   The seminar will entail training participants on Simple steps to make innovation work ,myths and misconceptions about innovation, how to avoid common pitfalls of innovative thinking, best practices to quickly launch projects to prove creative concepts, how to harness existing corporate culture to drive innovation and growth. boundaries.   The main objective is to make profit from the money invested and returns on investment.   The second objective is to ensure that participants gain skills that they can easily implement in the work place.   The third objective is to ensure continued growth of organizations through adaption of latest innovation strategies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first objective will be achieved by having 200 plus participants attend the seminar. The second objective will be achieved by the quality of the presentations and interaction by the participants. A measure on the success of the seminar will be evaluated by participants being asked to respond to an evaluation questionnaire at the end of the seminar, Ramsborg et al (eds) (2008),. The success of the third objective will be assessed by the evaluation of the changes implemented in their organizations in a period of six months after the seminar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The seminar will take place on 25th August 2012. 8.30 am to 5.00pm at Intercontinental Hotel in London.   The target audiences for the seminar are c-level management, middle management, supervisors and all individuals involved in the innovative process in their organizations.   The seminar will give organizations a platform to discuss the strategies they need to adopt for their innovative future. embrace change and remain abreast of the competition. This is especially important for organizations that operate in more than one country. The seminar on Innovation without boundaries gives these organizations to empower its staff with cutting edge skills to

Assess the importance of Ghandi to Indian nationalism Essay

Assess the importance of Ghandi to Indian nationalism - Essay Example Ghandi was born in October 1869 in a Hindu Modh family in Porbandar, Gujarat in India, and was given the name Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi by his parents. The father named Karamchand Gandhi was a chief minister at the city of Porbandar; meaning mahatma Ghandi had a strong upbringing background around leadership, politics, and guided by the Hindu principles (Shelokhonov, 2013). The principles he learned early in life made him a mature and determined man early in age, considering that he had the chance to experience and observe the discrimination the colonialist and their associates conducted on the native people. He became motivated in his law study and understanding of varying principles of different religions he encountered with in different lands. According to Barua, â€Å"his combined brilliance, humanism, and courage with indomitable will brought a revolutionary change in the East Indian Community in South Africa and India† (n.d, p. 2). Borrowing from numerous teaching of th e different religions, and inspirations from wise political ideologies such as those of Gopal Krishna, David Thoreau, and Leo Tolstoy, he was able to organize non-violent movements, which would paralyze the then imperial governments to have their demands heeded. As a key reformist, he was named Bapu Ghandi and is today known to be the father of the Indian nation, after his successful organization and support for the non violent movements of struggle for freedom in India. Characters of Mahatma Ghandi: The persona of Ghandi is still held debatable by many, depending on religion and way of life. However, it must be admitted that he had acquired certain substantial and enabling virtues from his way of life in different environments across the world. Even though being a faithful Hindu, he drew some of his principles from the Bible, the Islamic religion, among others to shape his characters and belief for the common good of existence in the general society. His persona brought him close t o the society, especially the women whom characters and sufferings he understood in broad point of view. Effectively, he was very attracted to the virtues of different societies (Western, African, and Indian), cultures, and different genders, and hoped to unite the people together for their common good. He was a man described to be courageous and stubborn in confronting the British governments, yet humble, patient, and compassionate to others, regardless of their religion, race, and gender. The virtues of non-violence (Ahimsa) and compassion he believed in, was an acceptance of the women qualities, who had been kept out of power and dominion in political and social aspects because of their simple virtues of patience, compassion, and tenderness that was viewed as a contradiction to the roles (Anand, 2006). With such a trusted persona, Ghandi was able to pull people closer, the strong and the weak and from it, women had the opportunity to come out of their locked areas and confidently support him in Indian liberation. Anand further mentions that the very nature of his virtues (ahimsa and truth among others) made the people liberation movement open to all; his plans and politics also comprised most trusted feminine virtues, allowing men and women to take part in the non-violent wars (2006). Ghandi’

Grammy Nominees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Grammy Nominees - Essay Example The lyrics to this powerful melody are pleading, calming and contemplative. They are words the audience identifies with easily. The signature banjo beat adopted in the song gives it a developed alternative rock sound (Natasha, 1). The band remains true to their sound while capturing a wide fan base. The use of upbeat instruments creates hope for the rather sorrowful lyrics. This is especially appropriate as the song it titled, â€Å"I will wait†. Snoop Dog & Wiz Khalifa featuring Bruno Mars deliver â€Å"Young, Wild and Free† in a simplified manner that earns the song the top vote in the Rap category. The song contains one of the most catchy choruses of the year behind that of â€Å"We are Young† by Fun. Bruno Mars’ vocal infusion to the chorus softens the track. The collaborative effort between Wiz Khalifa and Snoop is blended, continuous and refined. The song is memorable beyond several hip hop songs. Miguel captures the attention of the world with his song â€Å"Adorn†. It gets the best R&B song as a result of its soulful feel. The song is intimate and sincere. The video delivers the songs most powerful elements alongside Miguel’s powerful voice. The song’s quality makes it a track that will remain relevant for several years to come. It elevates Miguel from an underdog R&B singer to a top performer. â€Å"Even if it Breaks your Heart† by Eli Young Band wins the Best Country Song. The track depicts the essence of optimism and resilience in failure. It is a great lesson for the audience. The track is well developed with great musical instruments and vocals. The winning point for the song is the poetic lyrics that pushes composition boundaries (Dukes, 1). The Best Gospel Song vote goes to Marvin Sapp with his song, â€Å"My Testimony†. It is an autobiographical account of the singer’s struggle with the death of his wife following a long battle with cancer. The song is soulful, hopeful and inspiring. The powerful lyrics captivate the listener

Cuban Revolution Essay Example for Free

Cuban Revolution Essay The effects of the Cuban Revolution on women’s lives and gender relations in Cuba from 1959 to 1990 include that some say women have not reached equality yet with men, women gained more opportunities for themselves, economy and politics, and also how women still had responsibility for children and home, not men. One effect of the Cuban Revolution on women was the thought that women still have not reached equality with men. Ofelia Dominguez Navarra (#1), a female Cuban socialist feminist, believes an effect of the Cuban Revolution will change the social status of women to be less patriarchal. As a Cuban feminist, she probably believed this because the revolutionaries could change the Cuban Civil Code. Fidel Castro (#5), the Cuban president, believes an effect of the Cuban Revolution on women’s gender relations is that they will still be discriminated against, but will take some more time before women have full equality. Castro probably has this point of view because his audience was women and he wanted to be realistic so they understand the effort it is going to take to stop the oppression of women. Alina Fernandez (#6), a new mother and the daughter of president Castro, believes that despite the Cuban Revolution, there was no effect change in women’s rights in the home. Being expelled by her own father, she probably believes this because she lost her future job and now must struggle on her own to support her baby. An additional document that would help see their point of views how women did not gain much would be a letter from a single mother or supporter that did not get help with her problems. This would be helpful because it would show that even after the revolution, there was not a great effect for some women in a good way, and possibly even made it a harder life to care for her kids and herself. Another effect of the Cuban Revolution on women was that women gained more opportunities for themselves, economy, and politics. Yolanda Ferrer (#2), a female politician of Cuba, expresses her belief that an effect of the Cuban Revolution on women was that a school for peasant women was created to teach basic job skills. As a woman, she probably believed this was good because it educated women and got them out of the house into jobs, which they had previously been excluded from. Genoveva Diaz, daughter of a Cuban revolutionary (#4), states her belief in an interview in 1970 that an effect on women from the Cuban Revolution gave women more opportunities to work in society and become equal to men. She probably had this point of view because before the revolution, women did not have freedom, money, or facilities to study; which are accessible now for women to use and work in society. A Cuban mother interviewed by a United States journalist in 1980(#7), believes that an effect of the Cuban Revolution on women was the Family Code introduction, which guarantees equal rights to women in their homes. She probably believes this because day care centers help them and her daughters are able to collect an education. The United Nations, along with other international organizations (#8), collected data from Latin American communities to show that an effect of the Cuban Revolution was that women went from being significantly less educated than men to ability to be equally literate and involve a contribution to the economy. They had this point of view because of the social changes happening between 1953 and 1982 that caused the illiteracy rate of women to drop, as well as men, and increased the participation of women in the economy. The Communist Party (#9), showed an effect of the Cuban Revolution on women over time had an increased say in government and women’s rights. As politicians in Cuba, the Communists party published this because it made them look like a better political party due to the increased number of women participating in political matters, which they approve. An additional document that would be helpful seeing the positive effects of the revolution would be a speech from a political leader about how the growth of women has been surprising and helpful to the country. This would help because it would recognize how women’s contributions are needed to strengthen the country and prosper. Also, an effect of the Cuban Revolution on women was how women were still responsible for taking care of the children and home, not the men. A male Cuban revolutionary sympathizer (#3), expresses his thoughts about women’s rights to an anthropologist in 1969, believing that an effect on women’s lives from the Cuban Revolution was that it gave women more freedom by gaining jobs, which he thought was wrong. As a male Cuban, he has this belief because it takes power away from men and time away from household tasks that aren’t preformed throughout the day by the woman. Vilma Espin, a female scientist, president of the Federation of Cuban women, and a member of the Cuban Communist Party’s Central Committee (#10), believes an effect of the Cuban Revolution on women is that they created a more stressful life to handle. She probably believes this because women gained jobs, but are still held responsible for raising children and household chores, rather than men contribute. An additional document that would be helpful on understanding this effect would be a journal entry or letter from a wife with children who had a job, creating a â€Å"double work shift. This would be helpful because we would get a look at first hand experience how hard and tiring it was to be responsible for so many things at high expectations from men. Thus, the effects of the Cuban Revolution on women’s lives and gender relations in Cuba from 1959 to 1990 include that some say women have not reached equality yet with men, women gained more opportunities for themselves, economy and politics, and also how women still had responsibility for children and home, rather than men.

Swu Balay Alumni Management System Essay Example for Free

Swu Balay Alumni Management System Essay The hospitality industry is one that is primarily focused on customer satisfaction. For the most part, it is built on leisure or is luxury-based, as opposed to meeting basic needs. Hotels and resorts, cruise lines, airlines and other various forms of travel, tourism, special event planning, and restaurants all generally fall under the realm of the hospitality industry. Exceptional service is usually very important for all of these businesses. Customer satisfaction usually leads to consumer loyalty, which helps to ensure the success of a company in the hospitality industry. A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis. The provision of basic accommodation, in times past, consisting only of a room with a bed, a cupboard, a small table and a washstand has largely been replaced by rooms with modern facilities, including en-suite bathrooms and air conditioning or climate control. The cost and quality of hotels are usually indicative of the range and type of services available. Front-of-the-House operations are known so because these operations take place in front of the guests. Thus, these operations are related either to direct interaction with the guest or they are being conducted in front of the guest. The front office activities start from the time a guest calls or sends in a request for reservation/ accommodation. Staff of the front office department starts interacting with guest by taking in, guest information and reservation request, leading to confirmation of reservation and finally to the handling of guest on arrival and guest check-in. Check-in activity is a must for both, a guest with reservation or a walk-in-guest, i.e., one is without prior reservation. Due to the enormous increase in tourismworldwide during the last decades of the 20th century, standards, especially those of smaller establishments, have improved considerably. Hotels are independently assessed in traditional systems and these rely heavily on the facilities provided. Today, most of the Hotels provide goods and services using computer system. It helps to perform task in an easy way with less time consumed. Some companies are become fully automated while others strive for the similar setting. Computer programmers develop things like computer system that the rest of us could use. The computer programmers tell the users what to do. They make programs that users can easily used or understand. The advent of new technology gave rise to easy and hassle free interaction between and among humans. Whether it is in business, science or whatever task a person takes on the quality and speed of carrying it out are enhanced with automation at the core of this efficient today, many systems have used an automation process like using computer system, due to the efficient and accuracy. â€Å"Hotel Front Desk System† is a transaction processing and management system. In this system there are more advantages rather than a manual way of doing the task. Interaction and individual stimulation have always been linked to the technological availability of the time and place. With the transition to an information-based society, computers and transactions have evolved from manual transaction. One of the solutions or alternatives to the problems that a hotel is facing, a system was being developed which can edit, delete, filter, monitor and store and secured the records of the customers. Indeed, Information Technology provides Hospitality solutions in delivering sophisticated services that differentiate the company from competitors and create a personalized experience for each guest. This comprehensive suite of solutions helps hotel owners and operators to achieve customer satisfaction. With this, the researchers believe that for a rising business like the SWU BALAY ALUMNI, which will soon provide accommodation business to cater the school’s stakeholders and community needs to have a good front desk system that will help run the operation easier in terms of accommodation process involving its clients and guests. The researchers want to know the reasons of hotel in using manual reservation and conduct a study towards the topic because they notice some of the hotel still use manual reservation. The study will emphasize the effects of using manual reservation and how a computerized reservation will be substituted, which can be later on applied to that of the proposed SWU BALAY ALUMNI. Therefore, the researchers purported to find out how to increase the number of customer using computerized reservation. Front Desk system is a transaction processing system that solves the problem encountered during the manual Hotel Reservations and transactions. The computerized Front Desk System aims to simplify the manual Hotel Reservation fastest and accurate. The system match staff schedules to optimal service levels, control costs, and rapidly adapt to changing conditions. Accuracy and efficiency can never be a question, since in both the operators and customers, time is important, with this integration fast and reliable service is optimized. It also allows your managers to spend less time on administrative tasks and more time taking care of guests and solving other issues on the property. Other than that, these solutions can ensure your staff and operations are running at peak performance. Youll be able to identify sales trends, product and inventory costs, compare similar locations, and evaluate performance against established budgets and targets thus, ensuring organization within the company operations. Furthermore, added feature that promotes great customer experience like seasonal discounts and privileges offered to loyal or lucky patrons. The system once implemented it will solve the most common problems that the Hotel Reservation encounter. In the hospitality industry, labor is one of the largest expense items. This kind of management system that is fast, efficient, and user-friendly, cuts of the burden of too much labor and expense of manual work. With the skills and knowledge of the Researchers the possibility of establishing this system is vivid. Definitely, SWU BALAY ALUMNI needs this system in order for the business to grow and to be successful. Purpose and Description of the Study The purpose of the study is to be able to have efficient control and maintain organization in the flow and process of the following aspects of operations: * Reservation Hotel reservations are made in real time and immediately after booking. It will help to manage a collection of data in the hotel. Moreover, you can add, change, and cancel bookings. * Booking * Booking is the actual confirmation of payment one by a customer upon check in or accommodation of the room * Profiles Upon reservation and booking, must have a guest profile to attach it. Guest Profile contains main information about a Guest. Guest Profile has type of Individual, Company, Corporate, Travel Agent, or other Source of a Hotel Reservation and Booking. You can search, view, update or cancel a created reservation. If a reservation has been cancelled, then you can re-activate it if the Guest comes back. Reservation can be in Pending status such as putting in Waiting List if Room is not yet available. It can be taken off the Waiting List and accepted when Room becoming available. Many options can be applied to Reservation to tailor your needs. Profile in Hotel Management System listing the multiple addresses and phone number capability for each profile. It means that if any error happens during the transaction or key in data the system can read and detect with very fast. It’s to avoid the duplication while doing the transaction and the customer profile can be saving for long lasting. Other than that, with the profile, the management can see and sort out the special customer who has the membership or club number and tracking them. With this way, customer might be have the special rates and can get the privilege. For the unlimited credit card numbers, guest can use many types of credit card in the hotel to make a payment which this system giving various types to pay. This system also can give more advantage where they can see the outstanding history statistics for past and future stays. It’s to avoiding the fraud in falsifying data and loss. Customer have many advantage when they come to the hotel who has implemented the hotel reservation software because they no need to make a registration each time come to the hotel because the profile customer are save and have a protection and privacy. * Rate and Discounts Control Every hotel has their own rates to attract the customer to come to their hotel. This is the strategies to ensure the hotel always get the customer and to maintain their profit. In the Hotel Management System, the inventory control very useful because it can show to us the unlimited room classes and rooms types that the hotel has. This inventory can helps the management hotel to see their marketing also the performance in daily, weekly, monthly even yearly. These modules also can helps to arrange the rate plans by see the market price and see the rates in the multiple currencies. So that every customer or foreigner can search the hotel booking by see the currencies price. These modules also can keep change and negotiated rates by following the versatile tax calculations and chain cross sell capability with schedule. In the rooms and rate management and restrictions, the Hotel Management System can helps where they can manage the room with following the rate. If there have any restriction, that means the rooms was ordered or already reserved by the individual, group or others. So that, they cannot enter or reserve that rooms until the cancellation done. For more looks forward, this system giving the ability to open or close room types by rate, property, room class, etc. For those was booking the hotel, they no need to worried because this system has unlimited number of guarantee. To those had give the deposit before enter the rooms, they can get it back when they check out because the system save who pay for the deposit and if any cancellation, they must follow the policies to ensure the safety between hotel and customer. Besides that, the reservation system lets you set up rate structures for individual properties, groups of properties, or for chains. Multi-level rate and inventory controls make inventory management easier and increase profitability. Rates and room types can be automatically restricted based on percentage occupancy, minimum stay through, arrival date, and more. Agents can use the hotel reservation system to easily determine best available rates for any length of stay. To maximize property revenues, these hotel reservation computer systems also support interfacing to major yield management systems. * Administration The Hotel administrator is responsible for the reception of guest as well as internal communications of the hotel services. The post of administrator is related to the guest reception service or, as it has been recently called, front office service. * Reporting The reporting system provides a number of standard reports. System reports may be generated automatically and may be run daily, weekly, monthly, yearly or manually upon request. Reports include expected arrivals, reservation, property forecast, total booking activity, stay activity, monthly and daily booking activity summary. property detail, agent activity, automatic allotment release and delivery queue purge. * PMS Interface CRS offer Two-Way Interface that allows the CRS to communicate with and exchange information between the CRS central database and the Front Office PMS (Property Management System) at each property. The Two-Way Interface includes features that are allowed the CRS and PMS to work with the same information despite differing data structures and values. What interface to a web-based PMS offers: Control all reservations coming from different sources in a single control panel/extranet Property Management System helps you distribute your rooms optimally to different online channels you work with since with PMS you can easily check the resource of your reservations. You can easily analyze how much each sales channel contributes to your revenues and identify the most efficient channels. With Property Management System, hoteliers receive instant alerts containing information of your reservations: length of stay with check-in and check-out dates, number of guests, room type, price and rates, personal information of customers, billing and etc. Main advantage of a web-based PMS is its communication ability to CRS as well as to hotel website booking engine and other online sales channels. Objectives of the Study The study aims to create a Hotel Front Desk System for SWU BALAY ALUMNI. General Objective This study aims to solve the problems encountered and to change the manual reservation and hotel processes and transactions. Specific Objectives Specifically the proposed system will guide to do the following objectives: a) To create a computerized system that will manage the records of the following entities: * Guests * Staff * Rooms * Reports b) To create a computerized system that will manage tasks for Housekeeping. c) To create a computerized system that will provide substantial Sales Reports and Inventories. d) To create a computerized system that will manage and control on Room rates Scope and Limitations of the Study This study mainly focused on providing retailing business application using computerized system that enables businesses to track services and aims to provide accurate and reliable process on every transaction especially in a hotel front desk management. This study looked into a better impact of using technology today on how it affects our daily lives especially for being the customer. With this study, it can help our beneficiaries to know the differences of using manual system to a computerized generation today, prioritize is to prove and to give them the right information. Furthermore the proposed Front Desk Hotel Management System for SWU BALAY ALUMNI limits itself in the following aspects: Room Reservation, Room Bookings, Room Maintenance and Housekeeping, Staff and Customer Profiling, Administrative Control, Reporting, and Billing. However, this project is limited only in giving discounted rates for Southwestern Alumni and stakeholders. Furthermore, reservations can only be conducted in two ways either walk-in or via phone call. Thus, online reservation is not possible. The system is not capable of managing both payroll, laundry, restaurant, bar, gym and other facilities and amenities offered of the hotel..

How To Assess Information And Knowledge

How To Assess Information And Knowledge The main aim of this assignment is to provide Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd, on how to assess information and knowledge internally and externally to improve decision making and taking while creating strategies to increase personal networking to widen involvement in the decision-making process. This assignment also helped Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd develop communication process to improve the gathering and dissemination of information and organizational knowledge. Furthermore it assessed the current approach of information management by Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd also highlighted with suggestion and the way the culture effects the communication procedure is recognized and discussed. Acknowledgement This project could have not been written without Mr.Frank Gunasekara. Who encouraged and challenged me through my academic program. He never accepted less than my best efforts. Thank you. I make no claim to be comprehensive since what is collected in this project are materials that I found in articles, Books, Interviews and the internet. A special thanks to the authors mentioned in the bibliography page. I would like to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to my family and friends. And specially to Mr.Suranga Liyanarachi [Human Resource Manager] of Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd. Words cannot express what I owe them for there encouragement and whose patient love enabled me to complete this project. And especially to Allah, Who made all things possible. Table of Contents List of Illustrations Organizational Structure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. 8 L1 Introduction of Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd. Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd., was founded by a man with a great vision, the late Mr. Anverally. Which was over a 100 years ago, His vision was to establish the finest pure Ceylon teas. After a century passed his vision was made a reality by his successors. Today Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd, exports the finest teas in the world to over 37 countries which includes Europe, Asia, CIS states and the Middle East. And being registered members of the Colombo Tea Traders Association, Ceylon Chamber of Commerce, National Chamber of Commerce, the Export Development Board and the Srilanka Tea Board. Being having a good relationship with a number of plantation companies and estates around the island, Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd has some of the most experienced tea tasters in the business, Vital for the important process of blending that makes Ceylon Tea so famous around the world today. Mission OUR MISSION IS TO CREATE PERFECTION SECOND TO NONE IN EVERY OUNCE OF TEA WE EXPORT [Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd, Website] www.anverally.com/ceylon-black-green.html Organizational Structure Director of Operations and Logistic Director of value added Tea Director of Bulk Tea Director of Finance Senior Executive Human resource manager TEAM General Manager MD/ Chairmen [Figure 1] Organizational structure is the frame work, typically hierarchical, within which Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd. Arranges its lines of authority and communications, and makes sure to allocates there rights and duties. This organizational structure shows the manner and the extent to which power, roles and responsibilities are delegated, coordinated and controlled and how information flows between levels of management. Being having a Horizontal structure [Flat hierarchy] the number of people in layers is less. Anverally and sons being having a wide span of control there are many employees reporting to a superior. But in the narrow span of control only a few employees are reporting to a superior. Being having a wide span of control at Anverally and Sons communication is faster because the message travels faster and shorter distance in the flat structure. There for in this organization communication is more effective and can respond to the changes in the market faster. However in tall structure it takes more time to respond to the changes in the market. Range Of Organizational Decisions Example : At an economic crisis, This is when all the decisions are made by the head-office or the top management. All the decisions making power are help by the top managers and managers at the lower levels do not have power. When important decisions are to be made Anverally and Sons will get the company centralized in all departments and there will be a similar set of rules and regulations. This may lead to greater consistency and when everyone follows the same system there will be more consistency and this will reduce confusion among different departments. It was explained that at Anverally and sons that senior managers are taking all the decisions since they are more matured and experienced and there for the decision will be a good quality decision that will benefit the whole organization. However if junior managers takes the decisions, the decisions may not benefit the organization since they are not experienced. However if Anverally and sons pass down the decision making power to other areas departments or divisions in the business allowing decisions to be taken away from the top management. This reduces the workload for the senior management and there for will make decision making faster. By passing decision making powers to lower levels will speed up the decision making progress and. This will make the organization more flexible and it will be able to react to the changers in the market quickly. And as a result the business will be able to retain its skilled force [work] because everybody will be involved in decision making. Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd being a growing company decision making should be decentralized as there are a lot of operations. Information required at different Levels of organization At Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd, Strategic Level decisions are taken into consideration by only the Chairman and General Manager which includes them to deal with complex issues, It involves high level of risk since the future is very unpredictable and decides on the objectives of the organization. Tactical Level is handled by the Directors/Executives and they are responsible to ensure that resources are obtained and use effectively and efficiently to accomplish the organizations objectives. Directors/Executives in tactical level operations are the Dir. Operations and logistics, Dir. Value added tea, Dir. Bulk Tea, Dir. Finance and Senior Executive Human resource Director . Operational Level is managed by the Managers and their respective teams, Marketing manager:- Should do an analyst about the competitors and identify its break troughs and make advantages decisions for the organizationa and mainly about the the organizations Products, Price, Place and Promotion. Human Resource manager :- Manages the overall sector of human resource services, programs and policies. Some of the major areas an HRM manages can include as Recruiting staff, Organizational Development, Performance management and improvement systems. Shipping department manager and Logistics head are included as well. They ensure that every top level task they have received is carried out effectively and efficiently. And at this level decisions what needs to be taken into consideration like day to day activity decisions are apart of this department. Effective Communication With Stakeholders Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd does pay a great number of attention to their stakeholders, Whose behaviors and attitude will mean a lot for their difference between the success and failure of the companys organizational mandate. Communication with stakeholders is important and critical for the organization, For the communication to be effectively done Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd should identify their key stakeholders. Set Communication Objectives Before developing a message campaign, It is important that Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd to clarify the reason and objectives behind the communication. The main objective of the communication is to inform the stakeholders of some pending action or decision, to engage with them or maybe to prevent or overcome some problems. However if the organization is to inform or raise awareness than affecting the perception or its behavior, the approach of communication will be varied. Choosing a Communication format Messages communicated can vary from personal encounters to mass communication. For an Example: If the objective is to change the behavior, two-way communication is required for anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd, such as telephone contact or face to face interviews should be used with stakeholders. But if the information which should be one-way informed then it could be used in newspapers, magazine or public service announcements on radio or television could be an appropriate choice for anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd. Getting feedback on Effectiveness The ultimate goal of effective communications with stakeholders is getting the feedback from the respective stakeholders themselves. By having conducted the research with all relevant constituencies in order to know if the desired message have been received and the expected results with the communication effort. Research can be in the form of Telephone or Internet interviews. Communicating with, Customers :- Customers buys the goods and services. And are expecting quality tea which is safe and in reasonable price. Suppliers :- Suppliers supply the raw materials. Suppliers expectations are continuously high volume business, Timely settling their invoices. There for if the supplier is not happy with the business dealings it may lead to stop supplying the materials. The method used to communicate with these stakeholders is by electronic communication. Internal and External Source of Organization Internal Sources of communication means communication within the organization, Information can be of many types, Example of some major internal source: Organizational Information: Internal source of information to gather data about the organization which includes strategic plans, exit surveys, Focus groups. External Sources of information are where the organization gathers information from official and unofficial sources, but who are effected with the business externally. Example : Sending a message to a supplier Anverally and Sons has a strong strategy of Communicating and motivating its employees. The reason for Anverally and sons to manage its decisions is by having a good communication environment, Good communication does encourage team work. Team work will result in new ideas, New ideas lead to innovation. Good decision making will allow faster decision making. When decision making is fast the business organization can react to changes in the market quickly. Methods of communication used by Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd Oral communication : Which is one to one communication Example : Telephone conversations, Meetings, Interviews, Staff appraisal meeting. Scenario : When the tea cartons are ready for shipment and there is no space for storing since the shipment is being delayed then the Distribution manager contacts the Shipping manager directly and solves the immediate problem. Positives out of this method are that the communication will be more clear and effective because there is immediate feedback and body language can be observed. However if the communication consist of many document it is advisable to note them down in writing so that there will be written records of it. Written communication : A written record is available there for it can be referred back later and will have no disputes as there is evidence. Example : Notice, News Letters, Reports, etc.. However this will be time consuming and there will not be any immediate feedback. Electronic communication : This is the main method where Anverally and sons use for decision making. Since of the high speed communication and immediate response can be identified. Its a more cost effective way for and example : Email is cheaper than postal mail. And a large quantity can be downloaded from the internet. The head office situated in Colombo and the factories being placed in rural areas people still can work as a team due to electronic communication. This method can be sent and received at anytime of the day there for it is more flexible.As a factor to be concerned for Anverally and sons is that, If electronic communication is using text, audio and video messages. Then this can be sent through one communication line. However this way of communication can affect the company by hackers and viruses. It could also lead to information overload since with the internet the information available is too high and could result it such. And to get the employees trained to deal with electronic communication the company will have to have as expense such a training cost. Recommendation for Improvement. At Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd it is identified that the organization use to communicate with their employers and employees using the electronic communication method than oral discussions. As noted the company has few errors of communication as to whom to report or inform. Being having a flat structure the organization has a wide span of control but according to the programs the organization conducts the process of communication is wrong since they use reports and flyers about Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd in every program they conduct. Since Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd being an internationally recognized tea export company. It is important to ask, is it enough for Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd to limit their communication to the current amount. According to the conditions Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd should start up using the oral method more often so that they could communicate to their employees/employers throught face to face discussions. This method would lead to get more innovative ideas on how to prove the service and increase its potential. Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd should start having group meetings among the different level of the company, This would lead Employees and top management to have a better understanding since there is more human interaction, Besides Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd has to clearly state to whom the employees have to inform regarding different issues and problems they face during operations. Being having a Flat structure it is important to practice horizontal communication since it would help make the internal communication better. And lead to all departments to have better understanding and be more productive. L3 Existing process of communication Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd does use the two way communication process, which is upward and downwards communication. Being having the downward communication Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd use to provide information on their current programs and ongoing projects, Since Feedback is also identified the medium used is by daily announcements at the Factory and by having notice boards at every branch and other different media to their employees about the current issues of the business. And having the upward communication process, Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd, Use this method to communicate with the higher authority through electronic device regarding the various problems which arises from the tactical and operational level. So this method helps them to talk about the issues and their concerns and how to over come these. However since customers are encouraged to contact Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd through the Internet [E-mail] to obtain more information or to make a complain. Since this method is used in the organization their can be miscommunication within the middle layer management since E-mail can be time consuming to answer complicated questions or their might be many misunderstandings because cultural differences in the explanation or understanding of certain words, There for using oral communication [telephone] may be considered as a better solution for providing detailed answers. Greater integration system of communication Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd being an internationally recognized tea exporter, Needs to have a proper communication system and thats critical for its success. If the employees at Anverally and Sons [Pvt] Ltd are not effectively communicating with their customers, clients and other experts, the business will have to face negative situations. Improving effective communication skills within the work force is a important skill that should be mastered. Few of the points Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd should look into to make sure all workers are communicating effectively. Executive Information System [EIS] This is a system planned to make and support the information and decision made by the senior executives at Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd, it also provides easy right to use both internal and external information valid to meet its calculated goals of the business. Internal Data Organizations financials Organizations resources External Data Stock market Economic databases New services Under this system executives at Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd will be having a clear moniter of companies performances and will be able to forecast, spot and analyze problem, Identifying opportunities and to track competitors activities. Management information system [MIS] This system provides managers at middle level for organizing, evaluating and to resourcefully run their departments, and it also provides past, present and future predicted information with the help of software, data bases and hardware applications. To improve this system Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd should develop a technological usage agreement for its staff which help the business and maintain its staff from being disobedient. Includes agreement issues such as off beam web surfing, prohibits visiting virus sites etc.. And also should maintain a schedule of maintenance, this would manage to update and scan for virus and prevent data loss or system crash. Transaction process system [TPS] This system is designed to practice the day-to-day dealings of Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd since the business has over 600 outsourced employees advancing this system may lead for the labor-intensive business transactions cto be replaced by automated processes. And their for anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd can improve its operation efficiency and decrease its transaction cost. Communication Skills of a good manager As the interview with Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd, Human resource executive Mr.Suranga Liyanarachi. It was identified that there were positives and negatives shown as a manager with his communication skills. Clear communication skill :- As a manager it was clear and effective flow of information which was handed over to the interviewer this makes a good skill of clear communication. Assertive communication skill :- With the ability to express his opinion, ideas, requirements and sentiment in a uncomplicated, non-hesitant way, while also being very diplomatic and respectful of the other person. Integrity :- He is a manager with a lot of integrity in other words is a person who says what he thinks and does what he say hell do. As a result Team transparency, creative approach and performance naturally arise from this. Personal Plan to improve communication skills Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd being having spotted a weakness of their communication system will have to over come its situation to satisfy its clients and customers and other related experts. Causes for lack of team work Lack of clearness about decision making Who has authority over what, Methods for making decisions are changing or unclear. Lack of team communication skills Discussions, conversation, listening disagreement decision Fundamental nature of the work is not very understandable so its mutually dependent, and therefore teamwork is not really needed. There for to over come this situation Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd should implement these strategies as follows, Define member roles and responsibilities. :- Every member has its role to be done and more over it should not overlap with confusion, If the work load are being distributed equally the smoother the work would flow. Acknowledge and reward team members :- This is to ensure that all team members know how their individual effort has contributed to the companies common goal and will give confidence to all stakeholders to repeatedly share their individual input with the entire team. Importance of team meeting and Group discussion to improve communication Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd being having a competitive business nature will need standard personal interaction more that ever. Although they have once a week meeting with all executive heads and have meetings every three months on strategic planning, By having electronic communication [telephone and online communication] may allow for convenient and speedy way of communication with customers and also may open up a new opportunity for quick sharing of ideas. But setting up a business meeting within the business will create different effects on the business, Benefit : Information distribution A key benefit will be that it provides an opportunity to share information such as financial updates or may help to recognize new employees for more complex issues. An genuine meeting pinpoints a moment in time and place to have in detail discussions with no other distractions or work getting in the way. Disadvantage : Time However Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd can drain out its companies productivity when having its staff to spend more time on meetings, therefore to over come this reason Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd must try to limit the amount of time that the staff spend in meetings. L4 Identify how information can be used as controlling and coordination method for Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd. Word controlling is used as a way of monitoring the companies actions and behavior by using its information. And the word coordination means as how information is prearranged in a way that can be collected for companys action and activities. As noted from the interview, Information helps to assemble the act of the HR division and the finance subdivision, Where HR division helps to grant information to finance subdivision to make monthly financial statement for the staff. Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd control their daily supplies because information helps them to know how much of tea leaves is needed for each day. consequently information from the logistics sector and storage department will let the shipping department how many tons of tea leaves are being exported everyday. So that there will not be any storage or over production overlapping. And in this same situation we can see the coordination of the logistics sector and the storage department because without the information of shipping department the company wont be able to control its production, storage and exporting requirement for each day. Approaches to the collection, formatting, storage, disseminating information and knowledge. Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd collects information for the function to increase its business efficiency and success in order to make desire turnover along with to sustain in future by making different judgment depend on the information they collect. Information collection Export department Products[taj,al-athur] exported to the clients and the quantity of each product sent per day. Website collects the customers information since they register in the companies website when placing an order for a particular product. Information collected are : name, address, phone number and few financial information. News paper and reports collects information about the competitor by annual reports or financial reports, and they also gather information about the current rules and regulations. Formatting information Customer profile Collection of customer information will be analyzed and divided into customer gender, location and personal information as collected. Export department processes the information on the quantity of exports during the day and the profits made by each product, availability of product and to end with calculates the earnings for the day. Storing information Customer profile Customer information Export department would store the information in the system under daily exports. Secondary researched data would be kept in a separate file. Dissemination of information Being having the customers information in the system, once a placement is made by the customer the customer care reports to the factory department and prepare the amount of tea needed and deliver it to the customer. Reports and magazine information will be spread to the respective departments such as competitors marketing strategy would be handed over to the marketing department. How Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd manage its knowledge At the operations of Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd, it is identified that there is two types of knowledge being used. Explicit knowledge : Is a record of how each task is to be performed by plan and actions. Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd being having its factory employees outsourced, it was found that employees tend to change there profession within the factory and that simply helped by the explicit knowledge, this is where all guides and instruction on how to operate its machine would be written or documented, therefore the quality of the product will not change although the employee changes. Tactic knowledge : It is found that in Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd, Human resource Department that they recruit and train their employees, Since most of them have only explicit knowledge they lack from tactical knowledge there for they team them up and give them projects on real time and real situation handling project and these are supervised by a manager and at the end of the day they discuss with the trainee about the mistakes and how they should improve to handle problems. How IT system could be used as a communication management and controlling tool for Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd. IT system helps Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd, as a communication management and a controlling tool because this system helps to solve complex issues. Example : Its isnt easy for the staff to record all its sales into a paper and there is likely chances for making error, IT system will help to reduce its difficulty since it makes less human acceptance in processing information, there for this leads to increase the productivity of the work and saves time for the staff. Improvement of collecting, formatting, storage, disseminating information and knowledge Information collection: While having a website Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd can have a representative at every country where they manage to export the most so that the customer can gain more customer satisfaction by having a face to face conversation. Competitors information: This can be identified by attending trade shows and by joining industry associations. Formatting information: By implementing a back-up system and a paper backup system since if the IT system fails then there would be information paper as well for quick references. By getting an IT system out sourced would increase its IT potentials since they will be mainly working on IT related area and would be risk free. Dissemination: It is helpful if the information system is grouped for the exact department like if the employees information can be directly directed to the HR department so then it would make it easy for them to take decisions since they are responsible for employees issues. Implementing a strategy to improve access to system of information and knowledge to others as appropriate For a strategy to be implemented, Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd should identify its current problem and its future problem, Example : By only one HR department it is hard for them to look into all its employees information and manage them and mean while if there is an order placed by a client then the business should contact the IT department and then collect information and then pass them to the processing department. There for to handle the situation Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd should develop a plan to save its business, where it helps to enter a broad area of the information system of the business that will put together key business development so that information will be spread into all departments and make things easy. And after the plan is developed the implementation should help to train the staff on how to use the system and to make sure the system is working efficiently and effectively. Organization Culture effecting on the business It was noted that Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd uses a paternalistic style of communication which is that they believe that employees need direction and it is important that they are supported and cared properly. The company does consult to find out views but the decisions are made by the top level management. Therefore the company would have improved decisions making as many ideas are involved and also it increases its employees productivity. More you do more you get [Culture slogan, Interview HR manager] Conclusion This assignment includes a variety of understandings regarding the communication procedure and IT systems of Anverally and sons [Pvt] Ltd. It is found that the company uses diverse verity electronic devices to communicate and they use the up-down method of communication throughout the company. However the recommended type of communication system and IT system is to have a more likely to have a positive effect on the company.

Grand Theft Theory: Vice City :: Essays Papers

Grand Theft Theory: Vice City Both Cote and Khan said it's up to parents to decide whether their teens should be allowed to play Vice City. "Parents should be informed of what this game is about," said Khan. "I would definitely warn kids of the violence." Cote said when his mother first discovered that he and his brother played Grand Theft Auto III, she was "mortified."[1] Patriarchal formations of familial angst and romance included, Vice City has been received again and again in the several orifices of the public body. Each time new techniques, purposes, and functions may be discovered in the rubble evidencing the occurrence, but the repeated encounter itself symptomatically mythologizes a special strain of the back, bearing out a stigmata proving again and again the omnipresence of Vice City in the spaces of media outlets, and thus collection and reflection. Back pain in the very dens and living rooms of America! The back is just the end of the issue, where it starts is in the hands, a twitching organism tied by lines of fluid, flesh, force, and faith to the human configuration. If what is violent in the game is the mode of interaction by which the protagonist’s narrative transgressions can be rendered progeny of a sick mind (akin to the Japanese Otaku), the hand is a thing of the psychological measurement of the central nervous system an d the behavior of the favorite allopathic object. Gameplay is feedback, hand to computer to display to eye, and, like any such idealized circuitry, crossover is categorically denied. Honestly, hands are not their own and not even ‘yours’ in any romantic sense, but yours-insofar-as-you-are-humanized, and thus schematized into matrices of humanist pluralism of the population. A population of its instances. Aside these detachments in analysis, Vice City offers an anarchic confusion with implications for media theory by a methodological engagement of gameplay. GRAPH Democratic debate in mass public forums (newspapers and major websites mostly) permit and breed a stirring violence of dialogue always with its own purposes clearly ahead of itself, like the cartoon donkey’s dangling carrot – always just out of reach but enough to keep things going for the time being.

The Great Depression (1929-1939) Essay -- American History

â€Å"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself, nameless unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyses needed efforts to convert retreat into advance† (Parker, p. 236). This quote was made famous by the President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt for his campaign at the most difficult time period in the world. This unprecedented event for the world began in the United States on October 29th 1929, also known as â€Å"Black Tuesday†, when their economy fell into peril of complete economic collapse. What started out in the United States was soon felt all over the world as a depression began to affect the Western world. Jobs became scarce to the population, and nominal wages were at poverty levels unsupportive of a middle class lifestyle of luxury goods. The gap between the rich and poor were expanding while businesses defaulted and credit contracted as a consequence. The effects of the Great Depression were ubiquitous in terms of economic impact to the glo bal economies. What started in the U.S was soon felt all over the world: deflation and the impact of the Gold Standard, contraction of credit, high unemployment, protectionism and international trade. Overall, these effects of the Great Depression were evidence of the economic impact in the United States that globalized to the rest of the world. To being with, deflation is an effect of a monetary policy in which the prices of goods and services fall to make it less advantageous for business to continue operation. For example, according to author Charles Kindleberger of The World in Depression, 1929-1939, the annual percentage change in wholesale prices between 1929 and 1930 are as followed: â€Å"U.S -12.2%, France -6.7%, Japan -22.3%, Canada -16%, U.K -14.9%, Germany -10.8%, and... ...eologies around the beggar-thy-neighbour theory contracting all international trade. By and large, â€Å"in an increasingly interdependent world, no man in an island† (Esler, p. 613) Works Cited Esler, A. (2004). The Human Venture: From Prehistory to the Present. New Jersey: Pearson Education. Galenson, W., & Zellner, A. (1957). International Comparison of Unemployment. NBER. Ganzel, B. (2003). Bank Failures. Retrieved February 29, 2012, from Farming in the 1930s: http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/money_08.html Kindlerberger, C. P. (1986). The World in Depression, 1929-1939. Los Angeles: University of California Press. Parker, S. (2008). The Great Crash: How the Stock Market Crash of 1929 Plunged the WOrld into Depression. Great Britain: Piatkus. Rothermund, D. (1996). The Global Impact of the Great Depression 1929-1939. New York: Routledge.

The Significance of Letters in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay

The Significance of Letters in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Letters play a very important role in 'Pride and Prejudice'. They can link the story because letters provide information which we would not have found out from the dialogue between the characters. We an also find out extra background information which can help with the reader's understanding of characters, the plot and the novel in general. Letters can reveal characters' personalities and how they feel about the other characters in the novel, for example Miss Bingley's feelings about Jane. Letters are used as a dramatic device in 'Pride and Prejudice' to further the plot, link the story and to inform the readers of the character's personalities. Letters are also an extremely important part of 'Pride and Prejudice' because at the time when the novel was written, letters were the only way of communicating other than through word of mouth. Letters can be used to deliver good and bad news at any time. They did not have telephones so a letter would be the most appropriate way of keeping touch with friends and family. Jane and Elizabeth are two of the main characters in the novel and they write to each other frequently during their visits away from each other. The sisters share some parts of their personalities. Both are caring, loving and considerate towards other people, but Jane is extremely loving and she does not want to judge any of the other characters in the novel before she has heard the entire story. This is because she does not want to think badly of anyone. We know this from Jane?s letter to Elizabeth regarding the actions of Miss Bingley and Miss Hurst ... ... the novel would make no sense. Austen uses letters to make the novel much more interesting as it is different from constant dialogue. She superbly shows that there are different ways to provide the reader with information other than through dialogue or through the narrator. Letters are important in ?Pride and Prejudice? because they can enhance the plot, change the plot, provide the reader with additional information and can also show character. All of the letters from above contribute to the readers understanding of the novel, to the plot and to add to the characterisation and without these letters the novel would seem incomplete. This just proves that letters play a major role in 'Pride and Prejudice'. Bibliography: Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Ed. Donald Gray. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996

Philippine Arts Essay

* 1. Filipino Painters :The Few Cream of the Crop * 2. Damian Domingo â€Å"The First Great Filipino Painter†AKA Damian Gabor Domingo â€Å"Father of Filipino Painting† 1st Filipino to paint his face 1st self-portrait in the Philippines Academia de Dibujo y PinturaDate of Birth: 1796Birthplace: Tondo, Manila, PhilippinesYear of Death: 1834 * 3. La Sagrada Familia * 4. La Sagrada Familia Oil on Copper Sheet Measurements: 48.26(length) x 35 (width) cm Where it was made: Manila, Philippines Time Period: 19th Century; 1820’s to 1830’s Owner: Heirs of Luis Ongpin Museum: Ayala Miuseum * 5. La Sagrada Familia The delicate veil over the Virgin’s head and shoulders is transparent to the point of appearing almost invisible. Cloth folds and curves of the figures’ clothing appear quite realistic. Damian Domingo uses color and drama with control. The painting depicts three generations of the Holy Family. * 6. La Sagrada Familia The infant Jesus and his parents are at the center, His grandparents on either side, and God the Father, the Holy Spirit, and the angels high above. It marks the peak of his finely detailed miniaturist style. Two misspelled words in the paintings caption. â€Å"Sagrda† and â€Å"Aana† * 7. Juan Luna â€Å"Ilocano Filipino Painter†Political activist of the Philippine Revolution durin g the late 19th century 1st recognized Philippine artists His 1st tutor Don Lorenzo Guerero was so impressed with his early works Don Lorenzo persuaded his parents to send him to Spain to advance his skillsDate of Birth: October 23,1857Birthplace: Badoc, Ilocos Norte, PhilippinesYear of Death: December 7, 1899 * 8. Spoliarium * 9. Spoliarium Oil-on-Canvas Measurements: 4.22 meters x 7.675 meters Where it was made: Rome Time Period: 19th Century , 1884 Award: 1st prize, gold medal at Exposicion de Bellas Artes of Oil Paintings in Madrid Location: National Museum * 10. Spoliarium Largest painting in the Philippines. The Technique used by the artist is symbolism. Heavy strong brush strokes- expressed his anger over the abuses and cruelties. Lines and color- he captured pathos and barbarism of a decadent empire. * 11. Spoliarium Vertical Lines- evidenced by the straight body of an oppressor suggest strength and stability. Horizontal Lines- seen impression of serenity and repose. Diagonal Lines- clearly shown in the arms of men pulling the wounded gladiator toward the other room. * 12. Spoliarium Most well-known painting by a Filipino artist A building or chamber where the dead bodies of gladiators were taken to be stripped of their armor and weapons prior to the disposal of their bodies. Symbol of our social, moral, and political life: humanity unredeemed, reason and aspiration in open fight with prejudice, fanaticism, and injustice.† * 13. Other works of Juan Luna: Death of Cleopatra (Silver medal, 1881 Museo del Prado in Madrid) Parisian Life (Silver medal, 1889, GSIS Museum) Battle of Lepanto, Blood Compact (1886, Malacaà ±ang Palace) Una Bulakenya (1895, Malacaà ±ang Palace) * 14. Felix Resurreccion HidalgoNational Artist of the Philippines for Painting He studied in the University of Santo Tomas where his artistry was encouraged by Fr. Sabater. He was simultaneously enrolled at the Escuela de Dibujo y Pintura. When Juan Luna won the gold medal in the 1884 Madrid Exposition, a Filipino painter shared with him the limelight by securing the second place. His remains were brought to Manila, where he now lies entombed in the Hidalgo family mausoleum at the Cementerio del Norte.Date of Birth: February 21, 1855Birthplace: Binondo, ManilaYear of Death: March 1913 * 15. Las virgenes Cristianas expuestas al populacho * 16. Las virgenes Cristianas expuestas al populacho Oil-on-Canvas Measurements: 115 cm x 157 cm Time Period: 1884 Award: Silver Medalist(9th silver medal award among forty five) Location: Metropolitan Museum of Manila * 17. Las virgenes Cristianas expuestas al populacho Regarded as one of the national treasures of the Philippines Part of art collection of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. The original was destroyed in a fire at the University of Valladolid in Spain. Las Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho is a â€Å"landmark painting† depicting the persecution of Christians in Ancient Rome. * 18. Las virgenes Cristianas expuestas al populacho Described as a masterpiece remarkable in the aspects of quality, composition, and historical context. It portrays two scantily clothed Christian female slaves being mocked by a group of boorish Roman male onlookers. One of the women is posed seated naked at the foreground of the painting with her â€Å"head bowed in misery†. The semi-nude women have been stripped not only of their garments but also of their dignity. * 19. Las virgenes Cristianas expuestas al populacho He derive his subject matter from classical antiquity He brought out the Drama of the moment * 20. Other works of Felix Hidalgo: Flora de Filipinas (Plants of the Philippines) – awarded second place for best cover design for de Luxe edition. La Siesta (Nap in the afternoon) – a piece which was favorably reviewed in La Ilustracion Espanola y Americana in1881. La Barca de Aqueronte (The Boat of Charon) – received a gold medal in the international exposition in Madrid and was bought for 7500 pesetas by the Spanish government. * 21. Other works of Felix Hidalgo: Laguna Estigia (The Styx) El Violinista – was accorded a gold medal at the Universal Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri. * 22. Fernando Amorsolo y CuetoNational Artist of the Philippines for Painting Excellent sketch artist as well as peerless master of light and color. Signature technique. Backlight his object, gently shading them with nuanced color tones & haloing them with incandescent golden glow. Most of his paintings portrayed the Filipino culture, tradition, and customs like Filipino fiestas. Became popular because of his illuminated landscapes and his historical paintings on which you can see the real reflection of a Filipino soul.Date of Birth: May 30, 1892Birthplace: Calle Herran in Paco, ManilaYear of Death: April 26, 1972 * 23. Rice Planting * 24. Rice Planting Oil-on-Canvas Measurements: 24 x 34 meters Where it was made: Philippines Time Period: 1922 Sold by: Geringer Art, a Honolulu based company which specializes in the art of Fernando Amorsolo * 25. Rice Planting His â€Å"Rice Planting† (1922) was a staple of tourist brochures. It’s visual weight is light because the colors used were mostly pastel in nature. No dark colors were used to produce a feeling of calm and peace. The particular genre that was used is realism. * 26. Rice Planting He painted the details as to how it might look like in real life. In rice planting, the backlighting technique manifested wherein figures are outlined against a characteristic glow, and intense light on one part of the canvas highlights nearby details. Sunlight is a consistent element in Amorsolo’s works. Brush strokes were smooth which emphasizes the serene feeling. * 27. Other works of Fernando Amorsolo: The Bombing of the Intendecia (1942) Bataan ) Afternoon Meal of the Workers (1939) Princess Urduja * 28. Carlos V. Francisco aka Botong Francisco2nd Filipino to receive the title of National Artist in Painting in 1973 One of the first Filipino modernist Franciscos art is a prime example of linear painting where lines and contours appear like cut outs. He single-handedly brought back the art of mural painting in the PhilippinesDate of Birth: November 4, 1912Birthplace: Angono, RizalYear of Death: March 31, 1969 * 29. Katipunan * 30. Katipunan Mural Best known mural of Francisco It shows his descriptions about the History of Manila Mayor Antonio Villegas in Manila It describes the enthusiasm of the first Datu in Manila. His murals on the history of Manila for the Manila City Hall represent a high point in his art and the art of the country. * 31. Jose Tanig JoyaNational Artist in Visual Arts in 2003 A painter and multimedia artist Known as an Abstract Expressionist He was the president of the Art Association of the Philippines from 1962 to 1965 and dean of the U.P. College of Fine Arts from 1970 to 1978.Date of Birth: June 3, 1931Birthplace: Manila, PhilippinesYear of Death: March 31, 1996 * 32. Granadean Arabesque * 33. Granadean Arabesque Inspired by Joya’s stay in Granada, a region in Spain.How he was struck by inspiration while travelling on a train andseeing all the beautiful sunflowers pass him by. Bright yellows dominate the canvass and establish the mood –pure joy, life, and energy. * 34. Other works of Jose Joya: 1948 – Barter of Panay 1954 – Christ Stripped of His Clothes 1958 – Granadean Arabesque, his landmark painting 1965 – Dimensions of Fear 1981 – Vista Beyond Vision 1985 – Torogan 1998 – Playground of the Mind * 35. Thank You ☠º * 36. Miniature Miniature isnt merely about size, but also the levelof detail in the painting. Its the detail that differentiatesa miniature from a small painting: if you look at it througha magnifying glass, youll see extremely fine brush markswith every detail scaled down and miniaturized.Techniques used include hatching, stippling, and glazing.Composition, perspective, and color are as important asin larger paintings. * 37. Symbolism A symbol, in general, is a visible sign of somethinginvisible in such as an idea or a quality. Art of Symbolism is the art to use symbols torepresent things, ideas and emotions. * 38. Realism The representation in art or literature of objects,actions, or social conditions as they actually are, withoutidealization or presentation in abstract form. Adopted to describe things represent figures andexactly how they look like in real life. * 39. Mural A mural is any piece of artwork painted or applieddirectly on a wall, ceiling or other large permanentsurface. A particularly distinguishing characteristic of muralpainting is that the architectural elements of the givenspace are harmoniously incorporated into the picture * 40. Abstract Expressionism Abstract Expressionism is a school of art thatdeveloped from Expressionism. It applied the principlesof Expressionism to abstract art. The artists brushstrokes, the visible evidence of the process of creating thepainting, together with the use of color, are the subjectof the painting. * Paintings * Artistic paintings were introduced to the Filipinos in the 16th century when the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines. During this time, the Spaniards used paintings as religious propaganda to spread Catholicism throughout the Philippines. These paintings, appearing mostly on church walls, featured religious figures appearing in Catholic teaching. Due to the Church’s supervision of Filipino art and Spanish occupation of the Philippines, the purpose of most paintings from the 16th-19th century were to aid the Catholic Church.[1] * In the early 19th century, wealthier, educated Filipinos introduced more secular Filipino art, causing art in the Philippines to deviate from religious motifs. The use of watercolor paintings increased and the subject matter of paintings began to include landscapes, Filipino inhabitants, Philippine fashion, and government officials. Portrait paintings featured the painters themselves, Filipino jewelry, and native furniture. The subject of landscape paintings featured artists’ names painted ornately as well as day-to-day scenes of average Filipinos partaking in their daily tasks. These paintings were done on canvas, wood, and a variety of metals. [2] * During World War II, some painters focused their artwork on the effects of war, including battle scenes, destruction, and the suffering of the Filipino peoples. * Dance | It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Philippine Dance. (Discuss) Proposed since June 2012. | * There are many different types of Filipino dances varying in influence and region. Types of Filipino dance include Cordillera, Muslim, tribal, rural, and Spanish style dances. * Within the cordillera dances, there is Banga, Bendayan, Lumagen/Tachok, Manmanok, Ragsaksakan, Salisid, Salip, Tarektek, and Uyaoy/Uyauy. The Banga dance illustrates the grace and strength of women in the Kalinga tribe. Women performing the Banga balance heavy pots on their heads while dancing to beat of wind chimes. This mimics Kalinga women collecting and transporting water. Another dance, called Lumagen or Tachok, is performed to celebrate happy occasions. When Lumagen is performed, it is meant to symbolize flying birds and is musically-paired to the beat of gongs. Another cordillera dance, Salisid, is the dance to show courtship. In the Salisid dance, a male and a female performer represent a rooster attempting to attract a hen.[3] * Tribal dances include Malakas at Maganda, Kadal Blelah, Kadal Tahaw, Binaylan, Bagobo Rice Cycle, and Dugso. Malakas at Maganda is a national folklore dance. It tells the story of the origin of the Filipino people on the islands. Another dance, called the Binaylan dance, tells the story of a hen, the hen’s baby, and a hawk. In this dance, the hawk is said to control a tribe’s well-being, and is killed by hunters after attempting to harm the hen’s baby.[4] * Two examples of traditional Filipino dances are Tinikling and Binasuan and many more. Filipinos have unique folk dances like tinikling where assistants take two long bamboo sticks rapidly and in rhythm, clap sticks for dancers to artistically and daringly try to avoid getting their feet caught between them. Also in the southern part of the Philippines, there is another dance called singkil using long bamboo poles found in tinikling; however, it is primarily a dance showing off lavish Muslim royalty. In this dance, there are four bamboo sticks arranged in a tic-tac-toe pattern in which the dancers exploit every position of these clashing sticks. Dancers can be found trying to avoid all 4 bamboo sticks all together in the middle. They can also try to dance an entire rotation around the middle avoiding all sticks. Usually these stick dances performed in teamwork fashion not solo. The Singkil dance is identifiable with the use of umbrellas and silk clothing.[5] * Weaving * Philippine weaving involves many threads being measured, cut, and mounted on a wooden platform. The threads are dyed and weaved on a loom.[6] * Before Spanish colonization, native Filipinos weaved using fibers from abaca, pineapple, cotton, and bark cloth. Textiles, clothes, rugs, and hats were weaved. Baskets were also weaved and used as vessels of transport and storage, and for hunting. These baskets were used to transport grain, store food, and catching fish.[7] * However, during Spanish colonization, Filipinos used fabric called nipis to weave white clothing. These were weaved with decorative, flower designs.[8] * Pottery * Traditional pottery-making in certain areas of the Philippines would use clay found near the Sibalom River. Molding the clay required the use of wooden paddles, and the clay had to be kept away from sunlight.[9] * Native Filipinos created pottery since 3500.[10] They used these ceramic jars to hold the deceased.[11] * Other pottery used to hold remains of the deceased were decorated with anthropomorphic designs. These anthropomorphic earthenware pots date back to 5 BC. – 225 A.D and had pot covers shaped like human heads. [12] * Filipino pottery had other uses as well. During the Neolithic period of the Philippines, pottery was made for water vessels, plates, cups, and for many other uses.[13]