The Social Implications Of The Bhagavad Gita Religion Essay

The Social Implications Of The Bhagavad Gita Religion EssayThroughout history, phantasmal schoolbooks have been widely influential in shaping how society is run. From democratic societies to hard-and-fast neighborly classes, religious texts have driven societies in a great variety of directions. A fundamental example of the social imp consummation of religious texts is the Bhagavad Gita. The Bhagavad Gita has had a tremendous imp shape on the mindset of populate in India. It has provided a standard founding for beliefs and morals, which influenced not only individuals, but Indian society as a whole. This religious text has been an integral part of common beliefs and morals. Because it is such a signifi passelt text in Indias history, we want to know what the social implications of the Bhagavad Gita were. By analyzing the text, we ar able to gain a greater understanding of what kind of society it promotes. The Gita encourages social stratification, and promotes a strict hiera rchy in the form of a caste frame.The Bhagavad Gitas idea of traffic, or dharma, calls for a stratified society. With different castes individually having their own duty, society is separated into distinct groups of passel who atomic number 18 taught to act differently based on the status they be born(p) into. The Sanskrit rule book dharma, is translated to sacred duty, which is a key idea of The Gita. Members of different castes have different sacred duties. We can see the importance of this idea through the warnings not to violate the laws of duty and caste. An example of this is when the text states, When the family is ruined, / the timeless laws of family duty / perish and when duty is lost, / chaos overwhelms the family (The Bhagavad Gita 28). This compose warns the people not to go against the laws of family duty, or dharma. It introduces the idea that if people do not attach to their own duty and act according to their caste, chaos depart ensue. Through this, the importance of separate duties for individually family is clear. This encourages people of all castes to act according to their own specific duty. Because it tells each caste to act in a different way, The Gita causes deeper divisions between people born into different families. By dividing up the people into different classes and giving them each separate duties, The Gita asks for a strict hierarchy.The Bhagavad Gita uses affright of chaos and disorder to barely divide society into the different castes. The warnings against breaking the laws of duty are elaborated on as the text continues. The fear that The Gita is hard to instill can be seen when the text says, The sins of men who violate / the family create disorder in society / that undermines the constant laws / of caste and family duty (The Gita 29). This course pairs the word sin with not following the caste system. In telling people that undermining the laws is a sin, the text warns the reader not to disobey their duty. Those who violate the system are violating the family and cause disorder, making them severely looked down upon. To pr charget disorder, all one has to do is follow his or her duty. This makes the individual feel as though they are in control of whether or not society falls into chaos. The society as a whole can avoid disorder as recollective as each individual follows the duty of his or her caste. This shapes the guidelines for the different castes and introduces the idea that everyone must follow these set rules. With this passage, we see how The Gita influences societys structure, in separating people by their family duties. or so may argue that the Bhagavad Gita encourages an egalitarian society, where everyone is disturb. They interpret the text to contradict the ideas of the caste system and social stratification. For example, the text says that, Learned men see with an equal shopping centre / a scholarly and dignified priest, / a cow, an elephant, a dog, / and even an outc aste scavenger (The Gita 61). This statement encourages the reader to see everything equally, which may seem to promote an egalitarian society. However, although The Gita touches on themes of equality, these ideas clearly do not mean that society should be egalitarian. Although all cosmoss are considered equal, it is certainly not saying that everyone should have equal wealth or that everyone should be able to pursue any endeavor they choose. The structure of this verse is an immediate indicator of The Gitas reinforcement of the caste system. In saying and even an outcaste scavenger, the text puts outcaste scavengers visit than priests and animals. This in itself hints to a hierarchal order of people in society. It is also important to note that viewing things with an equal eye does not refer to equal rank in society, but instead it focuses on the beings core essence. All beings are capable of improving themselves. The commonness is that they all have to act on their respective d uties to succeed. This means that the ideas of equality in The Gita do not have any grounding in social structure, but instead, are meant to transcend worldly status.While The Gita may be suggesting that all beings have equal value on a higher level, each being has a defined place in the hierarchal order, indicating social stratification. This can be seen as the text states that, The actions of priests, warriors, / commoners, and servants / are apportioned by the qualities / born of their intrinsic being (The Gita 141). This passage separates people into different classes and states that they each have separate actions. This idea is the outline for the caste system, as different people are meant to act a certain way based on the caste they are born into. In defining the distinct groups of people and creating a further divide between them with the idea of different necessary actions for different people, The Gita clearly supports social stratification.The text goes on to say that, E ach one touchs success / by focusing on his own action / hear how one finds success / by focusing on his own action (The Gita 141). This passage tells us that each being has an intrinsic function, and all beings can achieve success by focusing on that. All beings are equal and equally capable of achieving that success, but they have separate ways of achieving that success. Everyone has the same end goal, which is moksha, the release from the cycle of rebirth of samsara. The different path they must take towards success is what stratifies them in the social order. People are divided into different classes are encouraged to act differently according to these divisions. This means that The Gitas mentioning of viewing all things as equal does not encourage an egalitarian society. Instead, it further supports the caste system, as members of the lower castes feel that they are equal to members of higher castes, even though it is not reflected in social structure. Through its definition o f the castes and different necessary actions, The Bhagavad Gita encourages social stratification and a hierarchal order.The idea of moksha as the ultimate goal for everyone further demands the people to follow the social order of society, supporting the caste system. This promotes people to do as The Gita says and follow ones own duty. This is shown when the text says, Look to your own duty / do not tremble before it / nothing is better for a warrior / than a battle of sacred duty (The Gita 36). This clearly defines the path that one must take to sink moksha. It is referring to Arjunas path as a warrior and his duty to fight in battle. This outline of one individuals caste and duty not only tells us about how people in his caste should act, but also how everyone should. This link between caste and duty tells people to follow the caste system in order to achieve the common goal of moksha. Uniting the people under a universal purpose, The Gita cleverly divides the people into separat e paths to attain the ultimate release from rebirth. This division is the basis for the hierarchy in Indian society.The Bhagavad Gita gives a sense of hope to members of lower castes, which gathers their support and cooperation within the hierarchal social structure. We have seen that in history, it is often the lower class that rises up and rebels against the system when they feel they are mistreated or underrepresented. The Bhagavad Gita takes care of this threat to the caste system by providing reason and hope for those in lower castes. The text tells that for those who are committed to achieving moksha, Fallen in discipline, he reaches / worlds made by his virtue, wherin he d puff ups / for endless years, until he is reborn / in a house of upright and noble men (The Gita 71). This passage gives those in lower castes optimism in that if they according to their castes duty, they have the ability to be reborn in a higher caste. This also justifies the position of those in higher ca stes, in that they deserve their spots. According to this passage, those who are born into higher castes earned it through their discipline and decision to follow their dharma. This passage explains to the reader why people are born into different castes, and strengthens the hierarchal ranking system.The justification of the caste system is further discussed in The Bhagavad Gita, as the idea of duty of castes is emphasized. The Gita stresses ideas that promote hierarchy within society. This is shown once again when the text states, The actions of priests, warriors, / commoners, and servants / are apportioned by the qualities / born of their intrinsic being (The Gita 141). This passage gives a greater sense of necessary action. It says that all the different castes of people have different actions that they are designated. This justifies the caste system by implying that ones duty remains the same for their entire life. Without the ability to move out of a caste within ones lifetime, members of different castes solely focus on how they can act upon their sacred duty and following the guidelines for their caste. This shows that The Gita wants people to only focus on their own task, without worrying about anyone elses. While there is hope to have a better life after one is reborn, the idea that one is set in their caste for their lifetime forces people to learn to endure any distress that goes along with being in the caste. The inevitability of this suffering allows for people to deal with it more easily. With this passage, we are able to see how The Gita justifies the different castes and the actions they must make.The Gita finalizes the ideas of the caste system through its reinforcement of the ideas of the different paths of different castes to reach a common goal. Each caste has a different duty that its members must follow and act upon to achieve moksha. The text states that it is better to do ones own duty imperfectly / than to do another mans well / doing action intrinsic to his being, / a man avoids guilt (The Gita 142). This passage tells the reader that people should do their castes duty, even if they are unable to do it well. The key point in this passage is that doing another castes duty, no matter how well it is done, is never as good as doing ones own duty. This clearly defines the importance of ones caste in determining how people should act. It solidifies the hierarchal caste system by creating strict order. Through this, we can see how The Bhagavad Gita strongly promotes social stratification and the caste system.The continuous reinforcements of the ideas of duty, moksha, and the separate castes in The Bhagavad Gita strongly show the intent of the text to stratify Indian society. While the text does hint at equality, it does not apply to an egalitarian society. Instead, it further justifies the caste system by giving a higher sense of equality, even though there are clear differences between people in this world with the c aste system. The common goal of moksha unites the people and encourages them to act upon their respective duties. The different duties of the separate castes define the hierarchal structure of society that The Gita promotes. This influential text has played a key role in shaping Indian society. Through it we are able to see how the hierarchal caste system is justified. The Bhagavad Gita is without a doubt a highly influential religious text and its social implications have echoed in Indias culture.

History Of The Compound Interest

History Of The Compound InterestThe history of heterogeneous evoke goes endure thousands of old age, at least to Babylon, the traditional for Israel. What compounding means is the adding of accumulated interest back to the principal so that interest is earned on interest from that mo on (Wickipedia the peoples dictionary). This is far different than simple interest, which means that the principle remains separate from the interest, which is paid to the creditor at various intervals, and so is not added to the principal meat. In early(a) word, compound interest is when you put your money in a bank, you will normally receive interest. Interest is a percentage received on the invested amount for a period of (usually) a year.Principal for compound interestFor example, say you invest RM1000 in a bank for 5 historic period at 5.00% interest per annumAs you can see, your balance at the end of 5 age, using compounding is RM1276.30. However, if the simple interest calculation is uti lize, you would only receive RM1250.00 at the end of 5 years.So basically, compounding allows the interest you receive at the end of for each one year to generate more interest for the following years of your investment period thus enhancing your total returns.FormulaWhen the interest is compounded once a yearA = P(1 + r)nHowever, if you borrow for 5 years the commandment will look likeA = P(1 + r)5This formula applies to both money invested and money borrowed.Frequent Compounding of InterestWhat if interest is paid more frequently?Examples of the formulaAnnually = P ? (1 + r) = (annual compounding)Quarterly = P (1 + r /4)4 = (quarterly compounding)Monthly = P (1 + r /12)12 = ( monthly compounding)P = the principal (the initial amount you borrow or deposit)r = the annual rate of interest (percentage)n = the number of years the amount is deposited or borrowed for.A = the amount of money accumulated after n years, including interest.Compound interest from Malaysian perspective.Thi s time I want to show a newslater I subscribe from the young Malaysian millionaire mr. Irfan Khairi. He tells to the highest degree the actor of compound interest when we had saving. Compound Interest is the most important tool that gives easy people in the world. The key is, can start saving as early as even a little, and discipline to keep the consistency.What is interesting here is where we select our saving store to provide high returns, the next vast compound interest would be more shown again. He mentioned about the stores that can provide returns of 12% per year is, I is not no other a mutual fund or building block trust.Now in Pakistan, returns 12% is quite normal if you research the companies Mutual funds.Please read newslater the power of compound interest to know.The compound intereset is not how do people get rich easier but it is how to fuck off sure people get rich. Wanted to know what modal value? Let me explain with a better viewerImagine a baby when born, eve ry day, his/her mother put RM1.00 to the fund for the baby, of dollars daily. Its a total of RM30 per month. Year, the amount to RM365. Continue into the reserve fund and when the baby was aged 40 years, the amount contained in the fund is RM14, 600.Money saved is not growth. Perhaps the funds utilize to upgrade to a larger fund. But, lets face it RM14, 600 from the storage for 40 years is not a large amount.Now, imagine if the money is stored in the storage social unit yields of 12% per annum interest and RM1 in store every day since birth. Money should only RM14,600, now RM352, 943.18 after 40 years.RM352, 943.18? Where it came from the RM338, 343?This is the answer to the question of how to acquire rich for sure. Addition of RM338, 343 is coming from the compound (Compound Interest).Compound Interest is the most important tool that gives rich people in the world. Elbert Einstein was question of the compund Interest. Answers given by him is very easy. He said the compound inte rest is the greatest Invention of all time.Of course my example of the baby in the not quite logical. How frequently is a mother can enter RM1 each day until the baby is 40 years of age. However, my example is to show that the small savings that we, if invested in the broad run, it will be greatI have contacts who know to take service of interest compounds. They are husband and wife simple. Husbands in hap is RM2,500. Wife income is RM2,500. They live modestly and not wasteful. So, to cover all expenses paid by husband-living homes, cars, food and drink and all the requirements for payment by the husband. Meanwhile, the wife of the store to pay the storage unit yields 12% (now in Pakistan, returns 12% is quite normal if you research the companies Mutual funds).A pair is actually in the road that will lead them to become millionaires. On how? Save RM2,500 per month and given 12% returns on their savings, they say start at the age of 25 years (married young).Before they reach 45 y ears of age and get wealth, amounting to RM2,473,138.41. Yes, almost RM2.5 million. And this is the only think that kept wages wife could not go up for 20 years. A couple achieved millionaire status in 38 years of age. All of this is the power of compound interest.If you are not excited by these figures, let me explain more about the kompound interest and the interest compounds the key to success. The key to interest compounds. That is, start by quickly. If you delay starting your savings, interest kompun delayed effects.The answer is very simple, infact, it is no extended a secret because in any personal finance books in the world, surely in that respect is a telling chapter in this way. Means that 100% if used will make us millionaires. Yes, you too can become millionaires if this manner. No matter our background, no matter the level of intelegent us, no matter what our expertise, there is a way to be sure that someone is a millionaire. However, not many people really take advan tage of this because of Islamic Religion especially require to do so. The Quran explicitly mentions compound interest as a great sin. Usury (oppressive interest), known in Arabic as riba, is considered wrong.Compound interest from others perspective.Several writers I studied traced the concept of compound interest to the Sumerians, whose empire included fabled Babylon. Could it be that compound interest and its questionable value is some other gift to us from Babylon, the kingdom and system against which God declares eternal vengeance?Although Jubilee aloneice of the Bible allows no interest to be charged to fellow Israelites, there may be some cases where reasonable simple interest is both just and necessary. Economists use the term opportunity cost to describe the cost of other lost opportunities when money is devoted to one cause, such as making loans. So perhaps a low amount of simple interest would give back one for using money to make a loan rather than spending it upon on eself. And theres the additional element of risk, which to a fault needs reasonable compensation.But neer should interest be charged on funds loaned to the poor for their subsistence, nor should unpaid interest be used as a reason for foreclosure on productive assets or personal dwellings. Our legal system generally protects moderate home equity from loss in bankruptcy cases, but not against foreclosure due to lapse mortgages. Why not?The effect of compound interestWeve all seen articles on the wonders of compound interest. But most of us dont have large sums of money just lying around waiting to be invested wisely. So were going to see how us poor folks can apply compound interest to make a difference in our lives.Time and compound interest, however, are a double edged sword. That 14% interest youre paying on your credit flier debt is actually much higher if you figure in compound interest.now lets get down to how us poor folks can take advantage of compound interest. Could you find a way to save RM5 per month? Maybe skip lunch at McDonalds or rent fewer videos each month. If you private road a lot you might save 2 gallons of petrol by getting rid of the extra weight in the trunk of your car. Maybe devote a couple of handwritten notes instead of greeting cards. If you look and you really want to, youll probably find some way to save that $5 each month.But, at that rate itll take forever to save anything. Well, lets see. If we save RM5 per month, earn 5% interest compounded monthly and continue to do that for 10 years whatll we save? Well, well have saved RM600 (120 x 5). But the account will be worth RM776. Thats enough for a purchase or impact bill.You do not understand and have credit card debts. We people cannot save money. Oh, but youre wrong my plastic using friend. Lets suppose you take that RM5 per month and add it to your credit card payment. Youll actually do better than the saver. Lets assume that your credit card interest rate is 14% annuall y. After ten years youll have paid off an additional RM1,315 in credit card balance.More time magnifies the effects of compounding. Lets say you put some money away(predicate) today at 5% interest. That money will double in about 14 years. If you left the interest in the account youd have in two ways as much money earning interest in years 15 through 28. Its like you were getting 10% interest on your original savings. By year 29 youll be earning 20% interest on your original savings The rest of the account will earn a less depending upon how broad its been in the account.Another great mind of the Twentieth Century, the philosopher and theologian Alfred North Whitehead, believed that everything in the universe is constituted by its relationships to other things. Whitehead is the source of what has come to be known as process thought.In addition to an intensity differential, there is another difference between simple and compound relationships. If my identity is constituted by my relationships, I need to take other people and other things seriously. In part, they make me who I am. Simple relationships are those in which I abjure this fundamental reality and act like everything is about me. Compound relationships, on the other hand, are ones in which I recognize the truth my life is then about me, but its also about other people and other things as well. Value comes from relationships that are both substantial and reciprocal.In terms of our normal experience, simple relationships focus only on how useful or obstructive others are to helping us get what we want. Each person in our lives has a functional role customer, sibling, competitor, parent, employee, investor, teacher, friend, boss, teammate, or subordinate. We also view the elements of the natural world in an instrumental way air is to breathe, water is to drink, land is to develop, trees are to harvest, anele is to drill for, and crops are to engineer. When our national interest is defined one-dime nsionally, other nations are either with us or against us, friend or foe, loyalist or traitor.The puzzle with this approach is that it severely limits the value we can create. This has become painfully clear to our nation in recent months. We are learning the hard way that much of what happens in the world is not about us and what we want. If democracy eventually comes to Iraq, it will come because the people of Iraq long for it, not because our military insists on it. Our faulting as a nation is not that we want freedom from tyranny for the Iraqi people. Our mistake is in believing that our view of things is the only one that must(prenominal) be taken into account. I am deeply troubled by the disdain for human dignity shown in the Abu Ghraib prison. But I am also troubled by how those actions mirror with appalling clarity our wide-ranging disdain for other interests and other points of view. Value comes from relationships that are substantial and reciprocal. We will always be be tter off when we understand the truth our interests are compound.

Procedures For Drill String Design Engineering Essay

Procedures For Drill String Design Engineering EssayThis chapter presents general procedures for exert power train design. The design aspects of critical sizeableness and doers controlling practice session piping selection ar highlighted.The term Drill Stem is used to refer to the combination of tubulars and accessories that serve as a connection surrounded by the frame and the example bit (RGU lecture slides). It consists mainly of Drill Pipe, Drill Collars (DC) and Heavy clog Drill Pipes (HWDP) and accessories including bit subs, top drive subs, stabilisers, jars, reamers etc. Drill stand is often used interchangeably with the term Drill String which actually refers to the joints of usage holler in the exertion radix.For the purpose of this report, Drill String forget be used to refer to the string of occupation tube-shaped structures that together with act collars and heavy pitch performance shout make up the practice origin see fig 3.1.3.1 DRILL STEM COMP ONENT DESCRIPTION3.1.1 Drill PipeThe tire tubeworks atomic number 18 seam slight crys usually made from assorted steel bulls eyes to different diameters, fishs and lengths. They are used to transfer rotary torque and rehearseing fluid from the rig to the seam hole assembly ( bore collars plus accessories) and usage bit. individually employment pipe is referred to as a joint, with each joint consisting of a pipe personate and two connections (see fig 3.2). Drill pipe lengths vary, and these different lengths are course of instructionified as ranges, the in stock(predicate) or more common ranges includeRange 1 18 22 ftRange 2 27 30ftRange 3 38 40ft.Drill Stem. pattern 3.1 Drill Stem with comp adeptnts. (Heriott Watt University lecture Notes Drilling Engineering)Drill pipes are also manufactured in different sizes and weights which reflects the wall burdensomeness of the drill pipe. Some common sizes and their corresponding weights include 31/2 in. 13.30 lb/ft and 4 1/2in. 16.60 lb/ft. The indicated weight is the nominal weight in air (pipe body weight excluding mechanism joints) of the drill pipe. A complete listing of API recognised drill pipe sizes, weight and grades are published in the API RP 7G.The drill pipe grade is an recitation of the marginal yield skill of the drill pipe which controls the burst, give and plastic commit might of the drill pipe. The common drill pipe grades are presented in the table to a g unkepter placeGradeYield Strength, pounds per square inchLetter cognomenAlternate DesignationDD-5555,000EE-7575,000XX-9595,000GG-105105,000SS-135135,000Table 3.1 Drill Pipe Grades.Drill pipes are often used to drill more than one well, therefore in about cases the drill pipe would be in a worn condition resulting in its wall thickness being less(prenominal) than it was when the drill pipe was brand new. In methodicalness to identify and differentiate drill pipes, they are grouped into classes. The different cla sses are an indication of the degree of wear on the wall thickness of the drill pipe. The classes clear be summarised as follows according to API standardsNew Never been used, with wall thickness when to 12.5% below nominal.Premium Uniform wear with minimum wall thickness of 80%.Class 2 Allows drill pipe with a minimum wall thickness of 70%.It is essential that the drill pipe class be identified in drill pipe use or design, since the extent of wear affects the drill pipe properties and energy.When specifying a particular joint of drill pipe, the class, grade, size, weight and range make to be identified, the specification could therefore appear thus 5 19.5 lb/ft Grade S Range 2Fig 3.2 Parts of Drill pipe. (Handbook for Petroleum and Natural gas)3.1.2 utensil JointsTools joints are screw type connections welded at the ends of each joint of a drillpipe. The tool joints have coarse diminish threads and sealing shoulders designed to withstand the weight of the drill string when it is suspend in the cuts. Tool joints are of two kinds the pin (male segment) and the box (female section). Each drill pipe has a pin attached to one end and a box attached at the other end. This makes it possible for the pin of one joint of drill pipe to be stabbed into box of a previous drill pipe. There are several kinds of tool joints widely usedJoint TypeDiagramDescriptionInternal Upset (IU)Tool joint is less than the pipe. Tool joint OD is approximately the same as the pipe.Internal Flush (IF)Tool joints ID is approximately the same as the pipe. The OD is upset.Internal / outer Upset (IEU)Tool joint is larger than the pipe such that the tool joint ID is less than the drill pipe. The tool joint OD is larger than the drill pipe.Table 3.2 Types of tool joints. (The Robert Gordon University Lecture Notes Drill String Design)3.1.3 Drill CollarsDrill collars are thick walled tubes made from steel. They are normally the predominant part of the bottom hole assembly (BHA) which cate rs weighting on Bit (WOB). Due to the large wall thickness of the drill collars, the connection threads could be machined directly to the body of the tube, thereby eliminating the exact for tool joints (see fig 3.3). Drill collars are manufactured in different sizes and shapes including round, square, triangular and spiral grooved. The slick and spiral grooved drill collars are the most common shapes used currently in the industry. There are drill collars made from non-magnetic steel used to isolate directional plenty instruments from magnetic interference arising from other drill stem components. The steel grade used in the manufacture of drill collars push aside be much lower than those used in drill pipes since they are thick walled.FunctionsProvide weight on bitProvide stiffness for BHA to maintain directional control and understate bit stability problems.Provide strength to function in compression and prevent buckling of drill pipes.Fig 3.3 Carbon Steel Drill Pipes.3.1.4 He avy Weight Drill PipeHeavy weight drill pipes (HWDP) are often manufactured by machining down drill collars See fig 3.4. They usually have greater wall thickness than regular drill pipe. HWDP are used to ply a gradual soft touch over when making transition between drill collars and drill pipes to minimise stress concentration at the base of the drill pipe. These stress concentrations often result fromDifference in stiffness overdue to the digression in cross-sectional area between the drill collar and drill pipe.Bit bouncing arising from revolution and cutting action of the bit.HWDP shtup be used in either compressive or flexible service. In upright piano wellbores it is used for transition and in highly deviated wells, it used in compression to pop the question weight on bit.Fig 3.4 Heavy Weight Drill Pipe. (Heriott Watt University lecture Notes Drilling Engineering)3.1.5 AccessoriesDrill Stem accessories includeStabilisers these are made of a length of pipe with blades on the external surface. The blades are spiral or straight, fixed or mounted on rubber sleeves to allow the drill string rotate inside.Functions of the stabiliser includeStabilise the drill collars to reduce buckling and bendingEnsure uniform despatching of tricone bits to reduce wobbling and increase bit life.To provide necessary wall contact and stiffness behind the bit to induce positive side force to build angle when drilling deviated wells.Reamers used in the BHA to enlarge the well bore diameter and ream out doglegs, key seats, ledges.Drilling Jars incorpo consecrated in the BHA to deliver a sharp blow and assist in freeing the drill string should it become stuck.3.2 DRILL STRING DESIGNThe drill string design is carried out in order to establish the most efficient combination of drill pipe size, weight, and grades to fulfil the drilling objectives of any particular hole section at the lowest cost within welcome gumshoe standards.In order to design a drill string to be used in a particular hole section, the following parameters need to be establishedHole section depthHole section sizeExpected mud weightDesired safety ciphers in latent hostility and overpull.Desired safety factor in explodeLength of drill collars required to provide desired WOB including OD, ID and weight per foot.Drill pipe sizes and inspection classThe drill string design has to meet the following requirementThe working send up ( strain, cockle, burst) on the drill string must not outflank the rated rouse capacity of each of the drill pipes.The drill collars should be of sufficient length to provide all required WOB to prevent buckling scads on the drill pipe.The drill pipes used have to ensure the availability of sufficient fluid flow rate at the drill bit for hole cleaning and good rate of penetration.3.2.1 Design Safety fixingssDesign safety factors are applied to reason working loads to account for any unexpected service load on the drill string. They are used to represent any features that are not considered in the load calculations e.g. temperature and corrosion, thus ensuring that service loads do not outdistance the load capacity of the drill pipe. Design safety factor apprizes are often selected based on experience from operating within a particular area, the extent of uncertainty in the operating conditions e.g. when operating in HPHT conditions, a larger safety factor is applied than when operating in less harsh conditions. Some comm save when used design safety values are illustrated in the table belowLoadDesign Safety Factor ValueTension1.1 1.3Margin of overpull (MOP)50,000 100,000. MOP of 400,000 have been used in ultra deep wellsWeight on Bit1.15 or 85% of available Weight on bit to ensure neutral point is 85% of drill collar string length measures from the bottom (API RP 7G)Torsion1.0 (based on the lesser of the pipe body or tool joint strength)Collapse1.1 1.15Burst1.23.2.2 Drill Collar SelectionThe drill collars are selected with t he aim of ensuring that they provide sufficient WOB without buckling or putting the lower section of the drill string in compression.3.2.2.1 Size selectionLateral movement of the drill bit is controlled by the diameter of the drill collar directly behind it. Therefore the size/diameter of the drill collar closest to the bit will be open on the required effective minimum hole diameter and the relationship finish be given asWhen two BHA components of different cross-sectional areas are to be made up, it is essential that the bending resistance ratio (BRR) be evaluated. This is pregnant because BHA components have pliant and compressive forces playacting on them when they are bent in the well bore. These forces cause stress at connections and any location where there is a change in cross-sectional area. Therefore it is important to ensure that these stresses are within acceptable ranges. The bending resistance (BR) of a drill string component is dependent on its section modulus w hich is given asZ = section modulus, in3I = second snatch of area, in4OD = immaterial diameter, inID = inside diameter, inThe BRR is used to express any change in BR and can be compute employBRR should generally be below 5.5 and in severe drilling conditions, below 3.5.3.2.2.2 ConnectionsWhen selecting connections to be used with drill collars, it is essential to ratification that the BRR of the pin and box indicates a balanced connection. The BRR for drill collar connection is figure as the section modulus of the box divided by the section modulus of the pin. The API RP 7G contains tables that can be used to determine BRR for any box and pin OD. BRRs of 2.5 have given balanced connections (RGU Lecture notes, 2005).3.2.2.3 Weight on BitThe maximum weight on bit required is normally a function of the bit size and type. The rule of thumb isMaximum WOB of 2000lbf per inch of bit diameter when using Polycrsyal limn Diamond Compact bits (PDC) and mud motors.Maximum WOB of 5000lbf p er inch of bit diameter when using tricone bits.Other factors controlling WOB include inclination, hole size and buckling.In vertical wellbores the length of drill collars required to provide a specify weight on bit is given byLDC = Length of Drill Collars, ftWOB = Weight of Bit, lbDFBHA = Safety factor to keep neutral point in drill collars.WDC = Weight per foot of Drill Collars, lb/ftKb = perkiness Factor.The neutral point as described by (Mian, 1991) referring to Lubinksi, is the point that divides the drill stem into two portions, with the section in a higher place the neutral point in strain and that below in compression. Therefore in order to ensure that the entire length of drill pipes remain in latent hostility, the neutral point of the drill stem has to be maintained within the drill collars. According to the API RP 7G, the height of the neutral point measured from the bottom of the drill collars will be 85% of the correspond length of drill collars used, with 85% bei ng the safety factor.In inclined wellbores, the angle of inclination has to be taken into consideration when calculating the maximum WOB that can be applied without buckling the drill pipe. This is because although the WOB is applied at the inclination of the wellbore, this weight acts vertically, thus reducing the available weight at the bit.Therefore to allow for this reduction, the buoyed weight of the BHA would be cut back by the cosine of the well inclination, thus WOB in inclined holes is calculated with the formAll parameters remain as defined in equation 5 is the angle of inclination of the well.As a result of the vertically acting weight of the BHA, the drill string tends to lie on the low side of the hole and is defended to some extent by the wall of the well bore. Therefore the pipes above the neutral point could only buckle if the compressive forces in the drill string exceed a critical amount. This critical buckling force is calculated as followsFcrit = critical bu ckling force, lbODHWDP = out of doors diameter of HWDP, in.ODtj = maximum extracurricular diameter of pipe, in.IDHWDP = inside diameter of HWDP, in.Kb = buoyancy factor.Dhole = diameter of hole, in. = hole inclination, degrees.Since HWDP are sometimes used to apply WOB in inclined wells, and drill pipes are sometimes used in compression, the critical buckling force is calculated for both HWDP and drill pipes.3.2.3 Drill Pipe SelectionFactors to be considered for drill pipe selection includeMaximum allowable working loads in tautness, collapse, burst, and torsion.Maximum allowable dogleg severity at any depth in order to avoid fatigue damage in the drill pipe.Combined loads on the drill pipe.The loads considered when selecting drill pipes to be used in the drill string is dependent on the well depth, well bore geometry and hole section objectives.In shallower vertical wells, collapse and tension are of more importance than burst or torsion. Burst is normally not considered in most designs since the worst case for a burst load on the drill pipe would occur when pressuring the drillstring with a blocked bit nozzle, even with this condition, the burst resistance of the drill pipe is likely to be exceeded. Torsion is of less importance in vertical well bores because drag forces are at minimal amounts unlike in highly deviated wells. The dogleg severity of the well for both vertical and deviated wells is important because of increased fatigue in the drill pipe when it is rotated in the curved sections of the wellbore.A graphical method is recommended for drill pipe selection, with the loads plan on a load versus depth graph. This makes it possible for loads at particular points on the drill string to be easily visualised, and any sections of the drill pipe that do not meet the load requirements are easily identified and redesigned.3.2.3.1 CollapseDrill pipes are sometimes exposed to external pressures which exceed its internal pressures, thereby inducing a colla pse load on the drill pipe. The worst scenario for collapse in a drill pipe is during drill stem tests when they are run completely empty into the wellbore. The collapse loads are highest at the bottom joint of the drill pipes, as a result, the collapse load would normally control the drill pipe grade to be used at the bottom of the drill string. The API specified collapse resistance for different sizes and grades of drill pipe assuming either elastic, plastic or transition collapse depending on their diameter to wall thickness ratio have been calculated and are published in the API RP 7G with the relevant formulae.The maximum collapse pressure on the drill pipe when it is completely empty can be calculated as followsPc = collapse pressure, psiMW = mud weight, ppgTVD = true vertical depth at which Pc acts, ft.On some occasions, the mud weight outside the pipe varies from that inside the pipe, also the fluid levels inside and outside the pipe whitethorn also vary. This situation coul d also induce collapse loads. The collapse loads induced by this scenario can be calculated thusL = Fluid depth outside the drill pipe, ftMW = Mud weight outside the drill pipe, ppgY = fluid depth inside drill pipe, ftMW = Mud weight inside drill pipe, ppg.The value for Pc is then plot on the collapse load graph as the collapse load line see fig 3.5.It is recommended practice to apply a design safety factor to the collapse load calculated from equations 8 or 9 (depending on expected scenarios) in order to account for unexpected additional loads as wells as un hunchn variables. The value of the design factor is often between 1.1 1.5 for class 2 drill pipes. According to (Adams, 1985) the design factor should be 1.3 to account for the fact that new drill pipes are often not used for drill stem tests. The value of the collapse load multiply by the collapse design factor is plan on the collapse load graph as the design line, this is then used to select an usurp grade and weight of d rill pipe to fulfil these load conditions.Fig 3.5 Sample Collapse load graph.3.2.3.2 Tension LoadThe elastic load capacity of the drill string should be evaluated to ensure there is enough tensile strength in the topmost joint of each size, weight, grade and class of to support the weight of the drill string submerged in the wellbore, hence the need to include buoyancy in the calculations. There has to also be enough qualification tensile strength to pull the drill string out of the well if the pipe gets stuck. The stabiliser and bit weight can be neglected when calculating the drillstring weight.In a vertical wellbore, the forces acting on the drill string are tension from its self weight and the hydrostatic pressure from the fluid in the wellbore. The hydrostatic pressure in the wellbore exerts an upward force on the cross sectional area of the drill string, which is commonly referred to as buoyancy. Therefore the resulting tensile load on the drill string attached to drill coll ars, taking account of buoyancy is calculated asFTEN = resultant tensile load on drill string, lbLDP = length of drill pipe, ftLDC = length of drill collars, ftWTDP = air weight of drill pipe, lb/ftWTDC = air weight of drill collars, lb/ftMW = Mud weight, ppg.ADC = Cross sectional area of drill collars, in2FTEN is plotted on the tension load graph as the tensile load line.The tensile strength values for different sizes, grades and inspection classes of drill pipes are contained in the API RP 7G, and can be calculated from the equationFyield = minimum tensile strength, lbYm = specified minimum yield stress, psiA = cross section area, in2Fyield is plotted as the minimum tensile strength line on the tension load graph.However, these values (Fyield) are theoretical values based on minimum areas, wall thickness and yield strength of the drill pipes. Therefore, these values only give an indication of the stress at which a certain total torture would occur and not the specific point at wh ich permanent deformation of the material begins. If a pipe is loaded to the minimum tensile strength calculated from equation 11, there is the possibility that some permanent stretch may occur, thereby making it difficult to keep the pipe straight in the wellbore. In order to eliminate the possibility of this occurrence, 90% of the minimum tensile strength as recommended by the API (American Petroleum Institute), should be used as the maximum allowable tensile load on the drill pipe, i.eFdesign = maximum allowable tensile load0.9 = a constant relating proportional limit to yield strength.Fdesign is plotted on the tension load graph as the maximum allowable tensile load line.As with the collapse load, a design factor would be applied to the tensile loads to account for dynamic loads in the drill pipe which occur when the slips are set, as well as prevent the occurrence of pipe parting close to the surface. The product of FTEN and the design factor is plotted as the tension design lo ad line in the tension load graph see fig 3.6.Margin Of OverpullA margin for overpull is added to the tension load to ensure there is sufficient tensile strength in the drill pipe when it is pulled in the event of a stuck pipe. This margin is normally 50,000 100,000lb, scarce in deeper wells margins of overpull have reached 300,000lb. The value obtained after adding the margin of overpull is also plotted on the tension load graph see fig 3.6.The difference between the calculated tensile load at any point in the drillstring (FTEN) and the maximum allowable tension load would also represent the available overpull. This value represents available tensile strength of the drill pipe to withstand any extra forces applied to the drill string when trying to release it from a stuck pipe situation.FTEN and Fa can also be expressed as a safety factorThis safety factor is an indication of how much the selected drill pipe will be able to withstand expected service loads. Due to uncertainty wit h actual service loads and conditions, a safety factor greater than 1 is always required.Slip CrushSlip devastating is generally not a problem if the slips are properly maintained. However, it is necessary to apply a safety factor for slip crushing when designing the drill string. This helps account for the hoop stress (SH) caused by the slips and the tensile stress (ST) caused by the weight of the drill string suspended in the slips. This relationship between SH and ST can be represented by the following equationSH = hoop stress, psiST = tensile stress, psiD = outside diameter of the pipe, in.K = lateral load factor on slips,Ls = length of slips, in.= slip taper usually 9 27 45z = arctan = coefficient of friction, (approximately 0.08)The calculated tensile load is multiplied by the slip crush factor () to obtain the equivalent tensile load from slip crushingTs = tension from slip crushing, lbTL = tension load in drill string, lbSH / ST = slip crush factor.Ts is also plotted on th e tension load graph as the slip crush design line.Fig 3.6 Sample Tension load graphThe general step-by-step procedure for drill pipe selection using the graphical method is given as1. Calculate the expected collapse load on drill pipe and apply the collapse design safety factor to derive the design load. Use the result to select weight and grade of drill pipe that satisfy collapse conditions. Plot expected collapse load and design load on a pressure vs. depth graph.2. Calculate maximum allowable tensile load for the drill pipe selected in (1) above. Also calculate tension load on the drill string including buoyancy effects. Plot the tension load, specified minimum yield strength, and maximum allowable tensile load values on axial load vs. depth graph.3. Apply tension design factor, margin of overpull, and slip crush factor to the calculated tension load and plot the individual results on the axial load vs. depth graph. Of the three factors applied to the tension load, the one resul ting in the highest value is selected as the worst case for tensile loads.4. Inspect graph and re-design any sections not meeting the load requirements.When designing a tapered drill string, the maximum length of a particular size, weight, grade and class of drill pipes that can be used to drill the selected hole section with specified WOB can be calculated asAll parameters remain as defined in equation 10 and 11. Note that equation 16 is only used when the MOP design line is the worst case scenario for tensile loads. When slip crushing is the worst case, the formula below is usedSF = safety factor for slip crushing.The lightest available drill pipe grade should be used first in order to ensure that that the heavier grades are used upper section of the drill string where tensile loads are the highest.3.2.4 Dog Leg SeverityFatigue damage is the most common type of drill pipe failure. It is known to be caused by cyclic bending loads induced in a drill pipe when it is rotated in the cu rved sections of the wellbore. The rotation of the drill pipe in the curved hole sections induce stresses in the outer wall of the drill pipe by stretching it and increasing its tensile loads. Fatigue damage from doglegs tends to occur when the angle exceeds a critical value. This critical value can be calculated asC = maximum tolerable dog leg severity, deg/100ftE = Youngs modulus, psi (30 x 106 for steel, 10.5 X 106 for aluminium)D = Drill pipe outer diameter, in.L = half the distance between tool joints, (180 in, for range 2 pipe)T = tension below the dogleg, lbb = maximum permissible bending stress, psi.I = drill pipe second moment of area, =b, is calculated from the buoyant tensile stress (t) and is dependent on the grade of the pipe.t = T/A, where T is defined in equation 19, and A is the cross sectional area of the pipe body in in2.For grade E pipe,The results from equation 20 are valid for t values up to 67,000psi.For grade S pipe,The results from equation 21 are valid for t values up to 133,400psi.It is recommended that an allowable dogleg severity (DLS) versus depth chart be plotted for all(prenominal) hole section with a particular drill string design since DLS changes with depth. The chart is plotted with the DLS on the x-axis and depth on the y-axis (see fig 3.7). When DLS lies to the left of the line or below the curve, the drill pipe is in safe operating conditions, and when it falls above or to the right of the curve, it is in unsafe conditions.Fig 3.7 allowable Dogleg Severity Chart. (Mian, 1991)3.2.5 TorsionDrill pipe torsional yield strength is important when planning deviated wells and ultra deep wells. In deviated wells, increased drag forces acting on the drill string from its interaction with the wellbore increase torsional loads on the drill pipe. In deeper wells, it is important in stuck pipe situations, in order to know the maximum torque that can be applied to the drill string.The pipe body torsional yield strength when subjected to torque alone can be calculated from the equationQ = minimum torsional yield strength, ft lbJ = polar second moment of area, /32 (D4 d4)D = pipe OD in, d = pipe ID in.Ym = minimum yield strength, psi.3.2.6 Combined Loads On The Drill StringCollapse and TensionThe collapse resistance of the drill pipe is often reduced when the drill pipe is exposed to both tension and collapse loads. This happens because tensile loads stretch the drill pipe thereby affecting its D/t (diameter -wall thickness ratio) which controls the collapse resistance of the drill pipe.In ultra deep wells, the effect of combined collapse and tension is experienced when function testing the blast out Preventers (BOP). It is becoming common practice in ultradeep drilling to equip BOPs with test rams in order to enable the BOP be tested without stage setting plugs in the well head. This is done to save tripping time due to extreme well depths. An example given by (Chatar, 2010), using 65/8in 27.70lb/ft drill pipe showed that with 65/8in drill pipe having 860kips of maximum allowable tensile loads, at half of this load, the drill string is only capable of withstanding 4,500psi collapse loads, which is often not sufficient for ultradeep drilling BOPs.The corrected collapse resistance of drill pipes under tension can be calculated using the formulaWhereR represents the percentage of the collapse resistance left when the drill pipe is under tension, therefore in equation 25, the value for R is used to multiply the normal plastic collapse resistance of the pipe to give the collapse resistance under tension.R can also be determined graphically with the following steps1. Calculate Z using equation 242. Enter the ellipse for biaxial stress (fig 3.8) on the horizontal axis with the value for Z and draw a vertical line to the ellipse curve.3. Draw a horizontal line from the vertical line drawn in (2) above to the vertical axis and read off the value.4. Use the value from (5) above to multiply the col lapse resistance to get the corrected collapse resistance with tension.Fig 3.8 Ellipse of Biaxial yield Strength Effect of tensile loading om collapse resistance. (RGU Lecture notes Casing design)Combined tension and torsionThe torsional yield strength of a drill pipe is significantly reduced when the pipe is under tension loads. The torsional yield strength of the drill pipe under tension can be calculated with the equationQ = minimum torsional yield strength under tension, ft lbJ = polar second moment of area.D = pipe OD in, d= pipe ID in.Ym = minimum yield strength, psiP = total load in tension, lbA = cross sectional area, in23.2.7 Tool Joint PerformanceThe makeup torque to be applied to the tool joints when connecting drill pipes is calculated as followsID = inside diameter, in.OD = outside diameter, in.Values for X, M, B and Q for standard connections are presented in the table belowType of ConnectionX

The History and Future of the Olympics Essay -- Exploratory Essays Res

The History and Future of the Olympics It is the year 2004, and everyone who is anyone in the world of fun is headed to Athens, Greece. To some people Athens is just an ancient city where the myths of Hercules and Zeus were originated, but this year, its not just an ancient city, its a reunion of where sports began. Even model they wont be played in the nude it will still be considered a reunion. Thats right the Olympics are headed back to their hometown of Athens, or at least its next enough. However, looking back on the years, both modern and ancient, there has been quite a change in our Olympic events. The ancient Olympic event was tout ensemble about glory, athleticism and total representation of ones own country. It seems to me that the Olympics have lost some of its touch when it comes to athleticism (cryptoworld.com). In addition, whatever happened to the idea of Amateur athleticism? There was even a federation called International Amateur Athletics Federation formed, and it was stated that in order to participate in the Olympics, one must not be paid. Now, in modern terms, all they must do is take a break from being paid in their professional conciliate to participate. The motto of the ancient Olympics is Citius, Altius, Fortius, which in terms that we understand, Faster, Higher, Stronger. Where are these three words are interpreted in table tennis, archery, equestrian, race walking, curling, synchronized swimming, synchronized diving event (Contoni). These games just are not exciting and have nothing to do with the motto Citius, Altius, Fortius. So, what does make an Olympic sport a sport? The answer is a majority of vote or enough complaints about discrimination against a sport that the International Olympi... ...cs. Physics Web.September 2000. http//physicsweb.org/article/world/13/9/8.Kahn, Jonathon. Why Too Many Olympic Sports Are Neither. July 12, 2000. March 26, 2004. slate.msn.com/id/86069.Mallette, V. Technology and the Olympics. Sport I nformation. http//www.ausport.gov.au/info/factsheets/tech.html.Michaelis, Vicki and Yu, Vincent. IOC panel wants to drop basesball, add golf. USA Today. April 7,2004 http//www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2002-08-28-golf_x.htm battalions Daily Online. People Daily. Monday, October 20, 2003. March 26, 2004. http//english.peopledaily.com.cn/200310/20/eng20031020_126437.shtml.Technology and the Olympics. Sport Information. 1996. March 15, 2004. http//www.ausport.gov.au/info/factsheets/tech.htmlThe Olympic Games. Winged Sandals. March 15, 2004. <http//www.abc.net.au/arts/wingedsandals/history2.htm

Physical Activity in the US Essay -- Social Issues, Transportation

The level of the populations level of physical activity is suitable a major public health concern in the United States (Wahlgren, 2011). As a result of urban sprawl, Americans rely heavily on individualised vehicles to travel to work or other destinations. This is leading to a sedentary life style for the public as they take to their cars to travel to their destination. The publics perception of the environments in which they live in atomic number 18 likely influencing their behaviors resulting in their dependance on personal vehicles. (Wahlgren, 2011). The physical environment and peoples levels of physical activity ar directly connected. Low density zoning and auto-dependent development is resulting in the promotion of sedentary life styles. Most activities, like commuting to work or shopping, requires the go for of a personal vehicle because of the areas isolation in residential zones and commercial zones (Ewing, 2010). Alternative modes like walking or bicycling are rather i mpractical, as the areas often have little to no sidewalks or other pedestrian friendly amenities (Marshall, 2009). The Low density design is certain because residential homes have fewer units per acre and commercial buildings tend to only be a couple of stories and spaced further apart. The sizes of lots tend to be bigger to accommodate large parking lots that are often oversized and unsafe for pedestrians. An effort to combat the continual development of urban sprawl, smart egression development looks to solve this dilemma. The idea of smart growth concentrates its development around compact walkable centers within urban areas. The purpose of this is to avoid the growing sprawl through with(predicate) the implementation of walkable, bicycle-friendly and alternative transportation like b... ...uate personal motivation, however it is an issue that involves social and physical obstacles that must be overcome as well (Steinman, 2010). Environments that promote walkability are typ ically associated with greater pedestrian traffic and lower body mass index (BMI). Neighborhood safety and traffic volumes and road speeds have been set in the ACRES and other studies as determinants to a walk able neighborhood (Steinman, 2010, Wahlgren, 2011). Urban planners can address these issue in several diverse ways. Placing sidewalks and lighting to clearly guide pedestrians and creating visibility with canopy trees can create safe inviting spaces. Addressing volume and speed on roadways can be addressed by introducing sidewalk bulbs, roundabout and buffers between sidewalks and streets through the use of landscaping (Wahlgren, 2011, Dumbaugh, 2011, Frumkin, 2002).

Promoting Family Values in Macbeth Essay example -- Macbeth essays

Promoting Family Values in Macbeth The play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, was first printed in 1623, and is a play that is confrontational and disturbing to the values of the audience. Values much(prenominal) as truth, masculinity, security and goodness are all implied in the play, as their opposites are shown to be destructive and animateness shattering.Of all of Shakespeares plays, Macbeth is the one most obsessively concerned with evil. It is dark, brooding and bloodthirsty by way of illustration, the only function of the messenger to Lady MacDuff is to typeset the audience for bloodshed. Blood in itself is considered an evil image and it aids in character development, as seen in the description of Macbeth at the start. According to Duncan, gutting someone interchangeable a fish is worthy of praise such as Oh valiant cousin, Oh worthy Gentle objet dart To the people of the age, being able to kill someone with such skill is a good thing of course, it does mean that Macbeth has the potential to snap. The evil imagery in the play also helps with the rising tension the old mans description of the horses devouring each other is a prime example of this. Macbeth himself is essentially evil as well when he knows he is liberation to die, instead of taking the honorable way out by committing suicide he decides to take as many people with him as he can. It is jolly ironic therefore that Macbeth means son of life.The evil that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth create within themselves means that the audience is made to experience the psychological conceitedness involved in committing a murder. Evil is inevitably destructive, but it is also self-destructive. By murdering Duncan, Macbeth is destroying himself his single state of man is shaken by his... ...elm. Criticism on Shakespeare s Tragedies . A Course of Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. capital of the United Kingdom AMS Press, Inc., 1965. Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York Washington Press, 1992. Steevens, George. Shakespeare, The Critical Heritage. Vol. 6. London Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981. T.W. Shakespeare, the Critical Heritage. Vol. 5. London Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979. Wills, Gary. Witches & Jesuits. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1995. Epstein, Norrie, The Friendly Shakepeare, New York, Viking Publishing, 1993. Harbage, Alfred, Macbeth, Middlesex England, Penguin Publishing, 1956. Magill, Masterplots- Volume 6, New Jersey, Salem Press, 1949. Staunten, Howard, The Complet Illustrated Shakespeare, New York, Park Lane Publishing, 1979.

Ecstasy, the Brain, and the Media :: Drugs Drug Chemistry Essays

Ecstasy, the Brain, and the MediaEcstasy has been glorified by countless Brit-pop drug anthems, condemned by stiff anti-drug foundations and even ca utilize a controversial media debate when the post-mortem picture of eighteen year old Lorna Spinks was splashed across every newspaper in the United Kingdom, her Ecstasy-related dying rendered in full gruesome color. The long-term effects and temporary consequences of Ecstasy have been a subject of heated debate in the past tenner years as the pill has seen a surge in popularity. What exactly does Ecstasy do to the brain? What creates the euphoric effects? Why has it been used in therapy? And does the medias portrayal of Ecstasy rely on the facts of the drug, or skew the information to instill a sense of fear into citizens, parents, and teenagers?Ecstasy (Methlenedioxy-methamphetamine, MDMA for short) is a synthetic, mind-bending drug with amphetamine-like and hallucinogenic properties. It shares a chemical structure with methamphet amine, mescaline, and methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), drugs known to cause brain damage (1). MDMA, in a simple explanation, works by busy with the communication system between neurotransmitters. Serotonin is one of a group of neurotransmitters that carries out communication between the body and the brain. The message molecules travel from neuron to neuron, attaching to sense organ sites. This communication activates signs that either allow the message to be passed or prevent the message from being sent to other cells. However, when MDMA enters the nervous system, it interferes with this system. After serotonin is released, the neurotransmitters are retrieved into the nerve terminal where they are recycled. MDMA hinders this process so that the serotonin is not drawn back in. This allows for an accumulation of serotonin, and also an increase in serotonin synapses (2). This surge of serotonin creates an emotional openness in the Ecstasy user. A sense of euphoria and ecstatic delight envelop the user. Some users paper thinking clearly and objectively, and often claim to come to terms with personal problems or various other skeletons in the closet (3). This is the reason Ecstasy resurfaced in the 1980s (after being developed in Germany in 1912 as a dieting drug due to the fact that amphetamines are appetite suppressors) as a tool in experimental psychotherapy, particularly regarding relationship and marital problems (4). In 1984 the drug was declared illegal in the United States after it started being used for recreational purposes. However, in June of 1999, Swiss courts ruled that dealing Ecstasy is not a serious offence.