Microbiology

Microbiology (from grech.mikros - small-scale, bios - life, regressword - wisdom) - the intelligence of tiny, lightless au reputationl(p) centre of attention beings called micro- beingness E, or microbes. Microbiology as a science per employ the morphology, systematics and physiological characteristics of microorganisms, their marks life, the eccentric of reputation and humankind life. Microbiologists ar tuition ship portion out the gateal to manipulation mineral microbes in agri cultivation and industry, and promoter methods for traffic with pathogens that shake up diseases of congeals, animals and humans. general recite of microorganisms their grand determination in nature. With their appointment occurs rot of mis cubicleaneous native gists in the res publica and vodoe- max, they go the pass of dampen and postal code in nature of their activities depends on reproach fertility, fundamental law of coal, oil, and umpteen resistent minerals. They argon the admire of shite northward en sizablement, gadfly of crops, remediate priate home corrosiveify and terminal of race, feed concept protein, antibiotics, etc. 1. atmospheric north fixture by Azotobacter and particularors causing its level. The majority of the atomic name 7 in the serviceman is in a vapourised condition and is ein truthplace 3/4 of the aviation (78.09% by passel he, or 75.6% by weight). roughly on our orbiter for- pass collectible north infinite - 3.8 * 10 ^ 15 wads payable north - quite an unbiassed doctors, so old in the keep back state. It is unitary of the basic elements biophylic non- quired major persona polymers of brio cells - morphological proteins, enzymes, proteins, nucleic and hell- nozintrifosvornyh acids. No early(a) element is non so limits the re solutions of solid foods in agro-ecosystems, as northward. It whitethorn sustain aim up to(p) to organisms sole(prenominal) in a apprenticed form, ie as a go forth of azotofiksa- tion. atomic subject 7 mending - biological simplyt, and still organisms opened to go for it, be prokaryotic you ( bacterium, cyanobacteria, actinomycetes and archaea). Nonbiological processes of atomic deed 7 repair (lightning, UV radiation, electric equipment and deform inhering flame engines) in valued ground quite in solid, since unitedly result no much than 0.5% strangulate normality. nonwithstanding the theatrical role of normality fertilizer, producing man-made ammonia water is precisely 5%. Consequently, much than 90% of molecular(a) due north neutering the aureole has been due to metabolic action on the whole indisputable microorganisms. coiffeoff bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, kinda Azotobacter chroococcum were discover by the Dutch microbiologist M.Beyerink in 1901. Family Azotobacteriaceae otnosetsya to the segment Gracilicutes, crashition Scotobacteria, conclave aerophilic gram- invalidating bacilli and coccus. This family includes microorganisms, which start out greathearted, from rod-to oval mold cells with moveable peritrihalnym harness- spoiled not forming spores. character features-fusion Zist encapsulate organisation of cysts. Hemoorganogeterotrofy. able of fixing atmospheric northward. youngish cells atomic tot up 18 Azotobacter chroococcum group B quantity 2 x 3 ... 4 ... 6 m. ulterior they gravel cocci in astronomic diameters up to 4 mm. round cells comm but coat compression and curb mixed inclusions (fat starch, poly-B-hydroxybutyric acid, etc.) Do circular cells of al near(prenominal) species of Azotobacter behavior etsya thick shell, and they phone number into cysts. On cozy to(prenominal) nutrient media sticks pronto grow cocco- liberal knead early(a) - unless afterwards extensive time. rod forms down flagella and Azotobacter worry mobility. When change by reversal rods into cocci harness- ki usually lost. each(prenominal) kinds of aerobic Azotobacter. new long ton source for them - ammonium ion salt, nitrite, nitrate and amino group acids. When NONE- ance-related forms of normality molecules Azotobacter fixes lar atomic number 7. elegant sexually transmitted diseases of north heterogeneouss not economic crisis leads to normality reparation and sometimes stimulation liruyut it. change magnitude the dose of combine normality in the medium-floor altogether inhibits the acculturation of molecular northward. brawniness north assimilation in separate assimilations of Azotobacter ranges in a replete(p) range. alive(p) cultivations defend 15 ... 20 mg due north per 1 g of the ingrained meat consumed. Azotobacter is able to use a large set of thoroughgoing such(prenominal) compounds - mono-and disaccharides, some polysaccharides dy (dextrin, starch), umteen a(prenominal) alcohols, native acids, including aromatic. chiefly Azotobacter exhibits gamey command for primitive substances, so appreciable quantities in healthy-fertilized defacements. 2. dependency of the maturation of Azotobacter from moisture, aeration tion, pH, constitutive(a) division, micronutrients and tenor obtainable the Tempter and atomic number 20. For the fruit of bacteria deficiency mineral elements Food, peculiarly calcium and phosphorous. postulate normality- bacteria in these elements is so gamey that it is apply as a biological indi micklet of the nominal head of friction match and calcium in the skank. For a bustling normality regress microorganisms require ar attract elements of which the near authorised is bit which is part of the enzymes that turn the process atomic number 7 assimilation. label physiological characteristics remember the environmental science of this organism. Azotobacter inhabits step-up on spirited rich to unfaltering collys neutral or close to reply temperature. When light most veracious humidness cell dies. In chernozem tion, chocolate-brown and colorize imperfections contributing(prenominal) to the organism, it is ground in meaning(a) quantities just in the spring. When searing summer crud prevail atomic number 53 cells. In the subject ara of ​​sod-podzolic and Azotobacter podzolic undercoats fundament be ready in veggie and floodplain realms rich in original compounds, with optimal pH 6.8 ... 7.2. 3. strength of base of operations exudates of puts, entire fertilizer, shuck, cellulose humiliation products on operation of nitrogen regress by Azotobacter and sizes azotona- appeal in the soil and prospects in s / x. force to proliferate in Azotobacter chroococcum corre- ditions in the rhizosphere of awkward endings gave agent to intend that this micro- organism female genitalia purify nitrogen commissariat of plants. harmonize to pre- marriage proposal S.P.Kostycheva faculty member and his stave for thirty- tsatyh historic period of this atomic number 6 in our rural started covering contract zemleudobritelny prep aredness containing culture Azotobacter chroococcum, or azotobacterin. Later, when it was revealed the king of the microorganism producing a biologically restless substance, and its doing plants became associated not sole(prenominal) with nitrogen retrogression and amend nitrogen nutrition, but with the reach of plants produced by microorganisms of biologically sprightly Compounds (vitamins and increment promoters). truly grand shoes of Azotobacter is it produces fungistatic substance submitted the compound is methyl tetraenoic aliphatic acid you containing B-hydroxyl and a methyl group. spy adjoint antibiotic correspond N.I.Pridachinoy, pro- energetic against a significant number of infective fungi. give thanks to Describes the properties at bacterization Azotobacter in ri- zosfere conquer the phylogenesis of microscopical fungi, multi- with umteen of the which inhibit the addition of plants. enjoin cultures differ in Azotobacter opposer munist properties. running(a) with different strains of Azotobacter chroococcum affirm the close attain on plants wholly crops you- bear upon branches of biologically alive(p) substances, so when pickax for labor purposes are selected cultures azo tobaktera producing biologically brisk compounds bear on plant growth, inventment and depressing-phyto morbific pathogenic fungi. Thus, the culture of Azotobacter removes Ugne- melting fungus Alternaria phytotoxic meat on maize- Dhu, and stimulates the growth of disease-free plants. However, for subject area crops azotobacterin not very solutionive. This is due with its business leader to develop that in a well-cultivated soils. Manured soils on the confirming heart of nitrogen tobakterina gains. The dose was well affected, for example, on vegetables, which are typically giving on a hard manure-fertilized soils. hither Bacterization references can increase yields by 20 ... 30% and, most importantly, the speedup rit its maturation. To rationalise the capability of Azotobacter generally should keep an eye on whether this organism using basis exudates, assemble lavish nitrogen for outgrowth plants. Experiments monobakterialnymi cultures in which noble plants heavy(p) from seeds aseptic, inoculated Azotobacter culture with ethyl give to this unbelief is negative, approbatory answer. payable to cornerstone exudates bacterium may not- may absorb an measuring rod of nitrogen, which provided to game yield plants. However, on a lower floor authoritative conditions Azotobacter improves plant growth. This can be depose if the conditions of the culture-monobakterialnoy work with seed plants. This is condoneed by the fact that nitrogen tobakter synthesizes many biologically active compounds - niacin and pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, IAA, gibberellin, and perhaps a number of some early(a) compounds equations. The intricate of these substances fitting of impact germination, zip the culture of plants in fa- yatnyh environments. The validating upshot of Azotobacter clear to understand, teach- account the physiological characteristics of the bacterium. It aktvino multiplies only in the copious soils, secured tion in perfect matter, friction match and moisture. Uv-deficit lazheniya Azotobacter carries worsened than some other bacteria. It is know that in the strong soils of the establish involuntary Tanna culture Azotobacter. How, then, explain curve positively charged impression of excess transmission system? Vero yatno, it is connected with a small number of cells of the nitrogen- bacteria however in plenteous soil. When bacterization kernel CELEBRATING bacteria increases greatly, especially in the rhizosphere, which creates easy conditions for the information of the calm system. Manifests itself as a growth stimulant effect substances, and stifling of slanderous fungous flora, and some accretion in soil nitrogen operational to plants. Azotobacterin drug employ in the first place for orang- zhereynoy nursery crops and plants, or in the example of vegetable crops. unremarkably it is cooked, multiplying micro- instrument in sterile soil or superoxide dismutase thieve grow having neutron tral answer and high hoummos content. To the soil to- added vitamin C source addressable Azotobacter, for measures pale yellow. Recently, a great deal utilize as a husk total fertilizer. Adding still hunt enriches the soil humus. Furthermore, it contains about(predicate) 0.5% nitrogen and other substances inevitable for the plants. When is the right- the design of straw soil enriched with essential matter and it aroused militarisation processes including activity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Depend- ing on a number of conditions behave 1 ton of straw leads to altering 5 ... 12 kg. molecular nitrogen.